The year 2010 will mark my 20th year at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). I arrived at OHSU in 1990 as a newly minted Assistant Professor, fresh out of a three-year medical informatics fellowship in Boston that followed my medical training (medical school and internal medicine residency in Chicago). I have seen a great deal of change in our field since my tenure in it began, but I don't believe there has been anything quite like this past year, 2009.
I remember quite vividly as 2009 began. While I was excited at the election of our new president and his fresh hope for change, I was more than a little concerned about the onset of the economic recession and its impact on the finances of OHSU. Based on what we were hearing, I was having some serious doubts about the viability of OHSU and our Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, as cuts to the small but essential amount of support (about 5% of our overall budget) we received from the university looked threatened. Furthermore, the potentially draconian cuts in other departments greatly threatened institutional morale.
Within a month or two of the new year, however, a different picture began to emerge. Something called the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, also known as the economic stimulus package) had just come to be, and within it, something called the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act promised unprecedented new support for health information technology (HIT). I even played a small role in the development of ARRA, contributing a few words that made it into what became Section 3016, the portion legislating support for health IT workforce development, working with the staffs of my Congressman David Wu and one of my state's Senators, Ron Wyden. (ARRA has also greatly benefited some, but not all, of the other departments at OHSU.)
In addition to new acronyms that are now household names (at least for those of us in informatics), such as ARRA and HITECH, new phrases appeared in the vernacular, mostly notably "meaningful use." As an educator and frequent speaker on the topic, the constant unveiling of new details made it a challenge to keep all my slides up to date.
The year of unprecedented activity came to a head in the last month of 2009. The trickle of funding opportunity announcements (FOAs)turned into a torrent, with the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) laying out its implementation of the vision of HITECH. The tight mid to late January deadlines for these FOAs released in December led a colleague to quip that ONC stood for the "Office of No Christmas" (to which I added, "Office of No Chanukah" for those of a different religious persuasion). Like many, I have spent a good deal of this year's Christmas break working on proposals for the FOAs.
On the second to the last day of the month and year, ONC, along with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), released the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for the "meaningful use" criteria that will guide the distribution of financial incentives for EHR adoption under HITECH. Further released was the interim final rule (IFR) on Standards & Certification Criteria, the initial set of standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria for the interoperability, functionality, utility, and security of health IT. A good starting point for digesting all the information associated with these is the ONC news release and overview. From these, you can link to a fact sheet on the IFR.
Readable and succinct summaries are also available from CMS about the program in general, the meaningful use standards, the meaning of certified electronic health records, and the requirements for incentive funding in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. No doubt a number of summaries will appear in the coming days; two good ones to start come from the venerable blogs HisTalk and Geek Doctor.
Also released on that day was an article in the New England Journal of Medicine by the National Coordinator of ONC, Dr. David Blumenthal, that gives a succinct, big-picture overview of HITECH. Dr. Blumenthal's article makes clear that if 2009 was the planning year, then 2010 will be the implementation year. We will see the finalization of the meaningful use criteria, the launching of the regional extension centers, the start-up of a number of other programs, and the initiation of the education and training programs to ramp up the necessary workforce to make it all happen.
Another event of 2010 will be the finalization of healthcare reform legislation. I have avoided expressing my views on healthcare reform this blog (considered out of scope!), but I agree with those who say there was more "reform" and transformation of healthcare in ARRA (courtesy of HITECH) than anything that will emerge out of the legislation due to be reconciled by the House and Senate in early 2010. I do agree, however, with those who see the imperfect legislation that will emerge from that process as a "foot in the door" to more meaningful healthcare reform in the years ahead. It will not be a smooth or painless process.
So ONC has now put its proverbial cards on the table, and it is very clear how they plan to implement HITECH. There probably is not a single person in the field who agrees with everything they are doing, but it is very clear that the health IT agenda in the US will be driven by the ONC agenda. A huge natural experiment is about to take place, and I for one am excited to be a "subject" in it!
Happy New Year to all.
This blog maintains the thoughts on various topics related to biomedical and health informatics by Dr. William Hersh, Professor, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University.
Thursday, December 31, 2009
Thursday, December 24, 2009
HIT Workforce: The ONC View
For those of us who are students of health information technology (HIT) workforce issues, the new funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) from the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) provide an interesting glimpse into their view of the HIT workforce needed to meet the electronic health record (EHR) adoption goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. ONC Coordinator Dr. David Blumenthal gives a high-level vision of their approach in his blog.
In the FOAs, ONC lays out the job roles and competencies for the workforce that they believe is necessary to achieve meaningful use of EHRs. The information is spread out over the different FOAs, but I have attempted to bring it into a single narrative, which follows in this posting. The content for this posting was largely created by copy and paste from the ONC documents but I assume full responsibility for any errors introduced in my process. This is the workforce that ONC hopes to see trained with its $118 million investment in the four FOAs.
The roles are grouped into three general categories. Those with an asterisk (*) are slated to have training take place in community colleges, while those with a dagger (†) will have training occur in university-based settings. I will first list the categories and roles, and then provide more details on the roles and their competencies. (Again, to be clear, I am cutting and pasting from ONC documents, so this is not my work, but I do assume responsibility for any errors that I introduce.)
Category 1: Mobile Adoption Support Roles
These members of the workforce will support implementation at specific locations, for a period of time, and when their work is done, will move on to new locations. They might be employed by regional extension centers, vendors, or state/city public health agencies.
These roles are needed for ongoing support of health IT at office practices, hospitals, health centers, Long Term Care (LTC) facilities, health information exchange organizations and state and local public health agencies.
These individuals will be based in universities, research centers, government agencies, and research and development divisions of software companies.
Mobile Adoption Support Positions
These members of the workforce will support implementation at specific locations for a period of time, and when their work is done, will move on to new locations. Workers in these roles might be employed by regional extension centers, providers, vendors, or state/city public health agencies, and would work together in teams. Preparation for this set of roles will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds
1. Practice workflow and information management redesign specialists
Workers in this role assist in reorganizing the work of a provider to take full advantage of the features of health IT in pursuit of meaningful use of health IT to improve health and care. Individuals in this role may have backgrounds in health care (for example, as a practice administrator) or in information technology, but are not licensed clinical professionals. Workers in this role will:
This role is similar to the “redesign specialist” role listed above but brings to bear the background and experience of a licensed clinical and professional or public health professional. In addition to the activities noted above, workers in this role will:
Workers in this role provide on-site user support for the period of time before and during implementation of health IT systems in clinical and public health settings. The previous background of workers in this role includes information technology or information management. Workers in this role will:
Workers in this role provide on-site management of mobile adoption support teams for the period of time before and during implementation of health IT systems in clinical and public health settings. Workers in this role will, prior to training, have experience in health and/or IT environments as well as administrative and managerial experience. Workers in this role will:
These roles are needed for ongoing support of health IT that has been deployed in office practices, hospitals, health centers, long-term care facilities, health information exchange organizations and state and local public health agencies. Preparation for this set of roles will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds.
5. Technical/software support staff
Workers in this role maintain systems in clinical and public health settings, including patching and upgrading of software. The previous background of workers in this role includes information technology or information management. Workers in this role will:
Workers in this role design and deliver training programs, using adult learning principles, to employees in clinical and public health settings. The previous background of workers in this role includes experience as a health professional or health information management specialist. Experience as a trainer in from the classroom is also desired. Workers in this role will:
By combining formal clinical or public health training with training in health IT, individuals in this role will be able to lead the successful deployment and use of health IT to achieve transformational improvement in the quality, safety, outcomes, and thus in the value, of health services in the United States. In the health care provider settings, this role may be currently expressed through job titles such as Chief Medical Information Officer (CMIO), Chief Nursing Informatics Officer (CNIO). In public health agencies, this role may be currently expressed through job titles such as Chief Information or Chief Informatics Officer. Training appropriate to this role will require at least one year of study leading to a university-issued certificate or master’s degree in health informatics or health IT, as a complement to the individual’s prior clinical or public health academic training.
8. Health Information Management and Exchange Specialist
Individuals in these roles support the collection, management, retrieval, exchange, and/or analysis of information in electronic form, in health care and public health organizations. We anticipate that graduates of this training would typically not enter directly into leadership or management roles.
9. Health Information Privacy and Security Specialist
Maintaining trust by ensuring the privacy and security of health information is an essential component of any successful health IT deployment. Individuals in this role would be qualified to serve as institutional/organizational information privacy or security officers.
Health Care and Public Health Informaticians
These individuals will be based in universities, research centers, government agencies, and research and development divisions of software companies.
10. Research and Development Scientist
These individuals will support efforts to create innovative models and solutions that advance the capabilities of health IT, and conduct studies on the effectiveness of health IT and its effect on health care quality. Individuals trained for these positions would also be expected to take positions as teachers in institutions of higher education including community colleges, building health IT training capacity across the nation.
11. Programmers and Software Engineer
We anticipate that these individuals will be the architects and developers of advanced health IT solutions. These individuals will be cross-trained in IT and health domains, thereby possessing a high level of familiarity with health domains to complement their technical skills in computer and information science. As such, the solutions they develop would be expected to reflect a sophisticated understanding of the problems being addressed and the special problems created by the culture, organizational context, and workflow of health care.
12. Health IT Sub-specialist
The ultimate success of health IT will require, as part of the workforce, a relatively small number of individuals whose training combines health care or public health generalist knowledge, knowledge of IT, and deep knowledge drawn from disciplines that inform health IT policy or technology. Such disciplines include ethics, economics, business, policy and planning, cognitive psychology, and industrial/systems engineering. The deep understanding of an external discipline, as it applies to health IT, will enable these individuals to complement the work of the research and development scientists described above. These individuals would be expected to find employment in research and development settings, and could serve important roles as teachers.
In the FOAs, ONC lays out the job roles and competencies for the workforce that they believe is necessary to achieve meaningful use of EHRs. The information is spread out over the different FOAs, but I have attempted to bring it into a single narrative, which follows in this posting. The content for this posting was largely created by copy and paste from the ONC documents but I assume full responsibility for any errors introduced in my process. This is the workforce that ONC hopes to see trained with its $118 million investment in the four FOAs.
The roles are grouped into three general categories. Those with an asterisk (*) are slated to have training take place in community colleges, while those with a dagger (†) will have training occur in university-based settings. I will first list the categories and roles, and then provide more details on the roles and their competencies. (Again, to be clear, I am cutting and pasting from ONC documents, so this is not my work, but I do assume responsibility for any errors that I introduce.)
Category 1: Mobile Adoption Support Roles
These members of the workforce will support implementation at specific locations, for a period of time, and when their work is done, will move on to new locations. They might be employed by regional extension centers, vendors, or state/city public health agencies.
- Implementation support specialist*
- Practice workflow and information management redesign specialist*
- Clinician consultant*
- Implementation manager*
These roles are needed for ongoing support of health IT at office practices, hospitals, health centers, Long Term Care (LTC) facilities, health information exchange organizations and state and local public health agencies.
- Technical/software support staff*
- Trainer*
- Clinician/public health leader†
- Health information management and exchange specialist†
- Health information privacy and security specialist†
These individuals will be based in universities, research centers, government agencies, and research and development divisions of software companies.
- Research and development scientist†
- Programmers and software engineer†
- Health IT sub-specialist†
Mobile Adoption Support Positions
These members of the workforce will support implementation at specific locations for a period of time, and when their work is done, will move on to new locations. Workers in these roles might be employed by regional extension centers, providers, vendors, or state/city public health agencies, and would work together in teams. Preparation for this set of roles will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds
1. Practice workflow and information management redesign specialists
Workers in this role assist in reorganizing the work of a provider to take full advantage of the features of health IT in pursuit of meaningful use of health IT to improve health and care. Individuals in this role may have backgrounds in health care (for example, as a practice administrator) or in information technology, but are not licensed clinical professionals. Workers in this role will:
- Conduct user requirements analysis to facilitate workflow design
- Integrate information technology functions into workflow
- Document health information exchange needs
- Design processes and information flows that accommodate quality improvement and reporting
- Work with provider personnel to implement revised workflows
- Evaluate process workflows to validate or improve practice’s systems
This role is similar to the “redesign specialist” role listed above but brings to bear the background and experience of a licensed clinical and professional or public health professional. In addition to the activities noted above, workers in this role will:
- Suggest solutions for health IT implementation problems in clinical and public health settings
- Address workflow and data collection issues from a clinical perspective, including quality measurement and improvement
- Assist in selection of vendors and software
- Advocate for users’ needs, acting as a liaison between users, IT staff, and vendors
Workers in this role provide on-site user support for the period of time before and during implementation of health IT systems in clinical and public health settings. The previous background of workers in this role includes information technology or information management. Workers in this role will:
- Execute implementation project plans, by installing hardware (as needed) and configuring software to meet practice needs
- Incorporate usability principles into design and implementation
- Test the software against performance specifications
- Interact with the vendors as needed to rectify problems that occur during the deployment process
Workers in this role provide on-site management of mobile adoption support teams for the period of time before and during implementation of health IT systems in clinical and public health settings. Workers in this role will, prior to training, have experience in health and/or IT environments as well as administrative and managerial experience. Workers in this role will:
- Apply project management and change management principles to create implementation project plans to achieve the project goals
- Interact with office/hospital personnel to ensure open communication with the support team
- Lead implementation teams consisting of workers in the roles described above
- Manage vendor relations, providing feedback to health IT vendors for product improvement
These roles are needed for ongoing support of health IT that has been deployed in office practices, hospitals, health centers, long-term care facilities, health information exchange organizations and state and local public health agencies. Preparation for this set of roles will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds.
5. Technical/software support staff
Workers in this role maintain systems in clinical and public health settings, including patching and upgrading of software. The previous background of workers in this role includes information technology or information management. Workers in this role will:
- Interact with end users to diagnose IT problems and implement solutions
- Document IT problems and evaluate the effectiveness of problem resolution
- Support systems security and standards
Workers in this role design and deliver training programs, using adult learning principles, to employees in clinical and public health settings. The previous background of workers in this role includes experience as a health professional or health information management specialist. Experience as a trainer in from the classroom is also desired. Workers in this role will:
- Be able to use a range of health IT applications, preferably at an expert level
- Communicate both health and IT concepts as appropriate
- Assess training needs and competencies of learners
- Design lesson plans, structuring active learning experiences for users
- Track training records of the users and develop learning plans for further instruction
By combining formal clinical or public health training with training in health IT, individuals in this role will be able to lead the successful deployment and use of health IT to achieve transformational improvement in the quality, safety, outcomes, and thus in the value, of health services in the United States. In the health care provider settings, this role may be currently expressed through job titles such as Chief Medical Information Officer (CMIO), Chief Nursing Informatics Officer (CNIO). In public health agencies, this role may be currently expressed through job titles such as Chief Information or Chief Informatics Officer. Training appropriate to this role will require at least one year of study leading to a university-issued certificate or master’s degree in health informatics or health IT, as a complement to the individual’s prior clinical or public health academic training.
8. Health Information Management and Exchange Specialist
Individuals in these roles support the collection, management, retrieval, exchange, and/or analysis of information in electronic form, in health care and public health organizations. We anticipate that graduates of this training would typically not enter directly into leadership or management roles.
9. Health Information Privacy and Security Specialist
Maintaining trust by ensuring the privacy and security of health information is an essential component of any successful health IT deployment. Individuals in this role would be qualified to serve as institutional/organizational information privacy or security officers.
Health Care and Public Health Informaticians
These individuals will be based in universities, research centers, government agencies, and research and development divisions of software companies.
10. Research and Development Scientist
These individuals will support efforts to create innovative models and solutions that advance the capabilities of health IT, and conduct studies on the effectiveness of health IT and its effect on health care quality. Individuals trained for these positions would also be expected to take positions as teachers in institutions of higher education including community colleges, building health IT training capacity across the nation.
11. Programmers and Software Engineer
We anticipate that these individuals will be the architects and developers of advanced health IT solutions. These individuals will be cross-trained in IT and health domains, thereby possessing a high level of familiarity with health domains to complement their technical skills in computer and information science. As such, the solutions they develop would be expected to reflect a sophisticated understanding of the problems being addressed and the special problems created by the culture, organizational context, and workflow of health care.
12. Health IT Sub-specialist
The ultimate success of health IT will require, as part of the workforce, a relatively small number of individuals whose training combines health care or public health generalist knowledge, knowledge of IT, and deep knowledge drawn from disciplines that inform health IT policy or technology. Such disciplines include ethics, economics, business, policy and planning, cognitive psychology, and industrial/systems engineering. The deep understanding of an external discipline, as it applies to health IT, will enable these individuals to complement the work of the research and development scientists described above. These individuals would be expected to find employment in research and development settings, and could serve important roles as teachers.
Sunday, December 20, 2009
Section 3016: More!
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) has released two more funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) for HIT workforce development. These are in addition to two previous FOAs that aim to establish community college consortia and the curricula they will utilize for rapid, short-term training of the workforce.
The first new FOA (OC-HIT-10-002) is entitled, Competency Examination for Individuals Completing Non-Degree Training. This FOA continues the emphasis on community colleges, consisting of a cooperative agreement for the development of competency testing for six job roles for which short-term community college programs are being developed. A single $6 million award will be given to an institution of higher education to perform this task. The awardee will be tasked with creating a detailed “blueprint” for implementation of the program, based on the competencies for the six workforce roles and providing structure for the content of the examinations. The awardee will be expected to collaborate with community colleges and competency-based subject matter experts to provide examinations that are suitable for the community college student population and other examinees. The awardee must also work with industry and employer groups to ensure that the materials are responsive to emerging workforce needs. They will be required to administer the exams through computer-based testing centers and the cost of the award must include their free administration to the 10,000 individuals who will be trained by the community college consortia.
The second new FOA (OC-HIT-10-003) is entitled, Information Technology Professionals in Health Care: Program of Assistance for University-Based Training. The goal of this to create training grants for university-based programs to train higher-level professionals to be part of the workforce that achieves the meaningful use of HIT. This FOA addresses a concern of many that all training was going to be carried out by community colleges. However, this FOA makes it clear that there is a role for many others, including at the leadership level, to move us toward the meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs). A total of $32 million will be allocated for 8 awards that are funded over 39 months (three academic years plus some lead-in time). The total awards will be for a maximum of $4 million for single institutions and $6 million for consortia of institutions. All four-year institutions and universities are eligible to apply.
These FOAs bring the total spending on HIT workforce development to an impressive total of $118 million:
Priority for funding will be given to institutions that already have existing baccalaureate, certificate, or master’s degree programs. Institutions must address at least three, and preferably more up to all six, job roles. Applications will be accepted from universities that both plan to expand their existing programs as well as create new ones.
Funding will only support “new students,” defined as those not enrolled in an HIT educational program on the date that the FOA was published, which is December 17, 2009.
Programs will be funded for 39 months (3 years, 3 months), starting in 2010, to allow three cycles of academic years. The first academic year must begin with the fall term of 2010.
Two types of students will be supported:
The FOA notes that $6,500 per trainee for program development and training related expenses will be awarded for costs associated with faculty and staff salaries, program administration, program-related equipment, faculty travel necessary to successfully implement the program, and trainee child care. It also states that for all types of trainees, the grants will support (up to a fixed maximum) trainee tuition and fees. For trainees in master’s degree programs with a required thesis, funding will additionally support health insurance sponsored or required by the awardee institution and a stipend for each trainee enrolled in the program on a full-time basis. (Although the maximum amount for annual health insurance is $2000, which I note somewhat tongue-in-cheek gives us the maximum incentive to bring about health care reform and cost control as soon as possible!)
Allowable costs include (quoted from the FOA):
Evaluation will be consist of close monitoring of a number of milestones in the FOA related to matriculation, graduation, and employment. A mid-award review will take place after the these milestones are compiled after the 18th month of program operation.
An important part of the proposal will be the proposed strategy for the program. It must include the following (quoted from the FOA):
The first new FOA (OC-HIT-10-002) is entitled, Competency Examination for Individuals Completing Non-Degree Training. This FOA continues the emphasis on community colleges, consisting of a cooperative agreement for the development of competency testing for six job roles for which short-term community college programs are being developed. A single $6 million award will be given to an institution of higher education to perform this task. The awardee will be tasked with creating a detailed “blueprint” for implementation of the program, based on the competencies for the six workforce roles and providing structure for the content of the examinations. The awardee will be expected to collaborate with community colleges and competency-based subject matter experts to provide examinations that are suitable for the community college student population and other examinees. The awardee must also work with industry and employer groups to ensure that the materials are responsive to emerging workforce needs. They will be required to administer the exams through computer-based testing centers and the cost of the award must include their free administration to the 10,000 individuals who will be trained by the community college consortia.
The second new FOA (OC-HIT-10-003) is entitled, Information Technology Professionals in Health Care: Program of Assistance for University-Based Training. The goal of this to create training grants for university-based programs to train higher-level professionals to be part of the workforce that achieves the meaningful use of HIT. This FOA addresses a concern of many that all training was going to be carried out by community colleges. However, this FOA makes it clear that there is a role for many others, including at the leadership level, to move us toward the meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs). A total of $32 million will be allocated for 8 awards that are funded over 39 months (three academic years plus some lead-in time). The total awards will be for a maximum of $4 million for single institutions and $6 million for consortia of institutions. All four-year institutions and universities are eligible to apply.
These FOAs bring the total spending on HIT workforce development to an impressive total of $118 million:
- Community college consortia - $70 million
- Curriculum development centers - $10 million
- University-based training - $32 million
- Workforce competency assessment - $6 million
- Clinician/public health leader
- Health information management and exchange specialist
- Health information privacy and security specialist
- Research and development scientist
- Programmers and software engineer
- Health IT sub-specialist
Priority for funding will be given to institutions that already have existing baccalaureate, certificate, or master’s degree programs. Institutions must address at least three, and preferably more up to all six, job roles. Applications will be accepted from universities that both plan to expand their existing programs as well as create new ones.
Funding will only support “new students,” defined as those not enrolled in an HIT educational program on the date that the FOA was published, which is December 17, 2009.
Programs will be funded for 39 months (3 years, 3 months), starting in 2010, to allow three cycles of academic years. The first academic year must begin with the fall term of 2010.
Two types of students will be supported:
- Type 1 – programs that can be completed in less than one year, ideally in less than 6 months, leading to a certificate or master’s degree without thesis
- Type 2 – programs that require more than one year to complete, typically a master’s degree with thesis
The FOA notes that $6,500 per trainee for program development and training related expenses will be awarded for costs associated with faculty and staff salaries, program administration, program-related equipment, faculty travel necessary to successfully implement the program, and trainee child care. It also states that for all types of trainees, the grants will support (up to a fixed maximum) trainee tuition and fees. For trainees in master’s degree programs with a required thesis, funding will additionally support health insurance sponsored or required by the awardee institution and a stipend for each trainee enrolled in the program on a full-time basis. (Although the maximum amount for annual health insurance is $2000, which I note somewhat tongue-in-cheek gives us the maximum incentive to bring about health care reform and cost control as soon as possible!)
Allowable costs include (quoted from the FOA):
- Developing and revising curricula in medical/health informatics and related disciplines.
- Recruiting and retaining students to the program involved.
- Acquiring equipment necessary for student instruction, including the installation of test bed networks for student use.
- Establishing or enhancing bridge programs in the health informatics field s between community colleges and universities.
- Faculty release time to prepare for teaching in these programs.
- Professional salaries for management of the process to create the program.
Evaluation will be consist of close monitoring of a number of milestones in the FOA related to matriculation, graduation, and employment. A mid-award review will take place after the these milestones are compiled after the 18th month of program operation.
An important part of the proposal will be the proposed strategy for the program. It must include the following (quoted from the FOA):
- The role being addressed and (for consortial programs) the name of the institution that will be home to the program.
- The overall educational goals for the program.
- Whether the applicant is proposing to establish a new program or to expand an existing one.
- The duration of the training and whether a degree or certificate will be awarded. If a degree, specify the degree and which institutional department will award it. If a certificate, specify the proposed title of the certificate and which department will award it.
- If the program is a new program, when the training program will matriculate its first trainees.
- Whether the program addresses health care, public health, or both.
- The target number of trainees to be enrolled in this program per year, and, separately, the number of these trainees to be supported by funds from this grant.
- The curriculum for the program listing titles and credit hours (or trainee time commitment) of all required courses and other required experiences. For each required course/experience, indicate whether it is currently offered or whether it will require development. Include in an appendix, a brief (approximately 200 word) description of each required course or experience.
- The faculty members who will be offering the required courses and other experiences. Biosketches for these faculty members must be included in a separate section of the application.
- Mechanisms for student mentoring and advising, also specifying how trainees’ progress through the program will be monitored and evaluated.
- If the program requires supervised research or scholarship (a terminal project, thesis, or dissertation), a description of the resources that will be available to students as venues for this work.
Sunday, December 6, 2009
Section 3016 Has Arrived!
The long-anticipated Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) for health information technology (HIT) workforce development, as specified in Section 3016 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), have been released by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC). These FOAs reveal the overall plans of ONC for quickly ramping up the workforce to meet the ARRA electronic health record (EHR) adoption goals. This will be done by two specific FOAs, one that funds development of five regional consortia of community colleges around the country, who in turn will implement curricula developed by the other FOA that funds five national curriculum development centers.
ONC has also provided its own analysis and plan for the workforce. Both FOAs state a need to train 51,000 workers to implement the ARRA HIT agenda. They list specifically six job roles for this workforce, noting that preparation for any them will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds. These individuals could work for a variety of entities, including health care organizations, regional extension centers, government organizations, vendors, and others. (It would be great for those of us with an interest in workforce research and education to see their data and analysis of the workforce needs. I hope they release it at some point.)
Four of the job roles are "mobile adoption support positions" and involve personnel who carry out the initial EHR implementation at a site and then move on to the next one. The specific roles for these positions are:
One also has to wonder whether those with short-term training will have the complex array of knowledge and skills in areas like healthcare workflow, change management, quality measurement, and oral and written communication (among even more) that are so essential for successful EHR implementation in complicated entities like healthcare organizations. We will no doubt be witnessing a great workforce and education "experiment" (just like, I suppose, all of the ARRA EHR agenda). I look forward to being a "subject" in that experiment.
On to the details. The first FOA (EP-HIT-10-001) is entitled, Community College Consortia to Educate Health Information Technology Professionals in Health Care Program. This FOA divides the country into five regions, each of which will have one consortium. Each consortium has a target amount of funding, number of students, and number of institutions. (Oregon is in Region A, the smallest of the five regions in terms of population served.) The overall allocation is $70 million.
Each consortium will have a lead organization and targeted number of member community colleges (varying from 5-8 in Region A to 17-23 in Region E in the Northeast). Each will have an expected minimum number of students each year, with the overall goal of training 10,500 students annually. Programs will not award degrees, but instead award a six-month certificate. It is assumed many students will have some background in healthcare and/or IT, and will need to flexibly learn more of what they do not know. Each member institution does not have to offer training for all six job roles, but each consortium as a whole must cover all the roles. The number of institutions must be within the specified range (unless an exemption is given), though each member does not need to train an equal numbers of students. Training must be commence by September 30, 2010.
Funding is for two years. The FOA does not address sustainability, either as requiring it in the plan or its being assessed in evaluation of proposals. It does say that the funding is a one-time opportunity. Up to $1M per consortium can be budgeted for consortium expenses. Up to 8% indirect (F&A) costs will be awarded to the lead institution and any others that have federal F&A agreements. My reading of the FOA is that any institution of higher learning, including a university, that offers HIT training (e.g., OHSU) can be a lead institution. The amount of funding works out to about $3,000-$4,000 per student trained (depending on the region and how much is allocated for consortium expenses).
The second FOA (EP-HIT-10-003) is entitled, Curriculum Development Centers Program. The goal of this FOA is to develop curricula that will be deployed by the community college consortia formed in the other FOA to train HIT professionals in 20 topics the cover the six specific job roles.
This FOA will fund five centers to develop materials in some number (applicants need to specify 7-10 where they have expertise) of areas from a list of 20. They are required to be academic training programs in informatics, HIT, or HIM, and engage both community college educators as well as instructional design experts. One center will also be designated the National Training and Dissemination Center, and additionally carry out training as well as establishing the repository for download of materials.
Each center will be funded up to $1.82M over two years ($910,000 per year), including indirect costs. The National Training and Dissemination Center will receive an additional $900,000 ($450,000 per year), including indirect costs.
Like the other FOA, there is a great amount of prescriptive detail provided. The 20 curricular areas from which to choose include:
ONC has also provided its own analysis and plan for the workforce. Both FOAs state a need to train 51,000 workers to implement the ARRA HIT agenda. They list specifically six job roles for this workforce, noting that preparation for any them will typically require six months of intense training for individuals with appropriate backgrounds. These individuals could work for a variety of entities, including health care organizations, regional extension centers, government organizations, vendors, and others. (It would be great for those of us with an interest in workforce research and education to see their data and analysis of the workforce needs. I hope they release it at some point.)
Four of the job roles are "mobile adoption support positions" and involve personnel who carry out the initial EHR implementation at a site and then move on to the next one. The specific roles for these positions are:
- Practice workflow and information management redesign specialists
- Clinician/practitioner consultants
- Implementation support specialists
- Implementation managers
- Technical/software support staff
- Trainers
One also has to wonder whether those with short-term training will have the complex array of knowledge and skills in areas like healthcare workflow, change management, quality measurement, and oral and written communication (among even more) that are so essential for successful EHR implementation in complicated entities like healthcare organizations. We will no doubt be witnessing a great workforce and education "experiment" (just like, I suppose, all of the ARRA EHR agenda). I look forward to being a "subject" in that experiment.
On to the details. The first FOA (EP-HIT-10-001) is entitled, Community College Consortia to Educate Health Information Technology Professionals in Health Care Program. This FOA divides the country into five regions, each of which will have one consortium. Each consortium has a target amount of funding, number of students, and number of institutions. (Oregon is in Region A, the smallest of the five regions in terms of population served.) The overall allocation is $70 million.
Each consortium will have a lead organization and targeted number of member community colleges (varying from 5-8 in Region A to 17-23 in Region E in the Northeast). Each will have an expected minimum number of students each year, with the overall goal of training 10,500 students annually. Programs will not award degrees, but instead award a six-month certificate. It is assumed many students will have some background in healthcare and/or IT, and will need to flexibly learn more of what they do not know. Each member institution does not have to offer training for all six job roles, but each consortium as a whole must cover all the roles. The number of institutions must be within the specified range (unless an exemption is given), though each member does not need to train an equal numbers of students. Training must be commence by September 30, 2010.
Funding is for two years. The FOA does not address sustainability, either as requiring it in the plan or its being assessed in evaluation of proposals. It does say that the funding is a one-time opportunity. Up to $1M per consortium can be budgeted for consortium expenses. Up to 8% indirect (F&A) costs will be awarded to the lead institution and any others that have federal F&A agreements. My reading of the FOA is that any institution of higher learning, including a university, that offers HIT training (e.g., OHSU) can be a lead institution. The amount of funding works out to about $3,000-$4,000 per student trained (depending on the region and how much is allocated for consortium expenses).
The second FOA (EP-HIT-10-003) is entitled, Curriculum Development Centers Program. The goal of this FOA is to develop curricula that will be deployed by the community college consortia formed in the other FOA to train HIT professionals in 20 topics the cover the six specific job roles.
This FOA will fund five centers to develop materials in some number (applicants need to specify 7-10 where they have expertise) of areas from a list of 20. They are required to be academic training programs in informatics, HIT, or HIM, and engage both community college educators as well as instructional design experts. One center will also be designated the National Training and Dissemination Center, and additionally carry out training as well as establishing the repository for download of materials.
Each center will be funded up to $1.82M over two years ($910,000 per year), including indirect costs. The National Training and Dissemination Center will receive an additional $900,000 ($450,000 per year), including indirect costs.
Like the other FOA, there is a great amount of prescriptive detail provided. The 20 curricular areas from which to choose include:
- Introduction to Health Care and Public Health in the U.S
- The Culture of Health Care
- Terminology in Health Care and Public Health Settings
- Introduction to Information and Computer Science
- History of Health Information Technology in the U.S.
- Health Management Information Systems
- Working with Health IT Systems
- Installation and Maintenance of Health IT systems
- Networking and Health Information Exchange
- Fundamentals of Health Workflow Process Analysis & Redesign
- Configuring EHRs
- Quality Improvement
- Public Health IT
- Special Topics Course on Vendor-Specific Systems
- Usability and Human Factors
- Professionalism/Customer Service in the Health Environment
- Working in Teams
- Planning, Management and Leadership for Health IT
- Introduction to Project Management
- Training and Instructional Design
Saturday, December 5, 2009
Two new international workforce studies
Things are really heating up in the health information technology (HIT) workforce arena! Not only have two new workforce analyses from abroad been published, but in the US, the long-anticipated Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) for HIT workforce development, as specified in Section 3016 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), have been released by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC).
The first workforce study comes from Australia (Legg, M. and Lovelock, B., 2009. A Review of the Australian Health Informatics Workforce. Melbourne, Australia: Health Informatics Society of Australia). Commissioned by the Health Informatics Society of Australia (HISA), this analysis looked at the "health informatics" workforce in that country. The authors defined health informatics for the purposes of its analysis, although also noted that this definition was likely incomplete. The study was carried out in two steps consisting of two focused workshops with a small number of people and then a larger survey that was distributed to all members and anyone who ever participated in any HISA activity. A total of 1,279 (out of 6,434 possible) people completed the latter.
The study classified jobs into two broad categories:
On the issue of workforce size, the authors made several estimates, all of which came out with a relatively consistent range. This included the use of government employment statistics for health information management and IT professionals in health care. The authors also made a quick calculation based on my own previous research (of other research studies) finding a ratio of 1 IT worker per 50 non-IT workers in healthcare settings. The bottom line is an estimate of around 12,000 health informatics professionals (range 9,000-15,000) in a country with a population of approximately 21 million. (This number is not that far off the proportionate number of people identified for the United States in my HIMSS Analytics Database study, i.e., 108,390 IT personnel, perhaps along with 10,000 informaticians and 50,000 need for the ARRA EHR agenda, in a country of over 300 million.)
The study also reported that participants consistently expressed concern about a pending shortage of personnel, for which the authors proposed a number of solutions. These included efforts to increase the supply of workers through training and re-training, improving their productivity, and reducing demand through better design of systems and processes.
The second workforce study comes from Canada (O'Grady, J., 2009. Health Informatics and Health Information Management: Human Resources Report. Toronto, Ontario, Prism Economics and Analysis). It focused on professionals defined as working in the fields of health informatics and health information management . This study attempted to characterize job roles and activities, quantify the workforce, and anticipate future needs based on low, medium, and high growth scenarios. (They also noted that Canada was similar to the US and different from most Western European countries in being a laggard in the adoption of HIT.) Similar to other studies, they used a variety of techniques, including government employment statistics. They calculated needs based not only on growth in use of HIT but also replacement of those retiring or otherwise leaving the workforce.
The study looked at seven categories of workers, assessing job roles and specific challenges for each. In aggregate, the authors estimated current HIT employment in Canada at 32,450, broken down among the job categories as follows (approximately):
The study also noted that Canada, like most countries, will face a substantial training need for many current and future personnel. Not only does 27% of the current 2009 workforce require additional formal training and experience, but 39%, 59%, or 78% of the 2014 workforce will require additional training under the low, medium, and high growth scenarios respectively.
So clearly Australia and Canada have major HIT training needs. Of course, so does the United States, as noted by my HIMSS Analytics Database study as well as recent estimates by ONC. To that end, two FOAs were recently released by the ONC to address workforce needs, as specified by Section 3016. These will be addressed in another posting soon.
The first workforce study comes from Australia (Legg, M. and Lovelock, B., 2009. A Review of the Australian Health Informatics Workforce. Melbourne, Australia: Health Informatics Society of Australia). Commissioned by the Health Informatics Society of Australia (HISA), this analysis looked at the "health informatics" workforce in that country. The authors defined health informatics for the purposes of its analysis, although also noted that this definition was likely incomplete. The study was carried out in two steps consisting of two focused workshops with a small number of people and then a larger survey that was distributed to all members and anyone who ever participated in any HISA activity. A total of 1,279 (out of 6,434 possible) people completed the latter.
The study classified jobs into two broad categories:
- Those who work "in the system," e.g., to use their words: records, analysis, direct, decision, communications, and training
- Those who work "on the system," e.g., to use their words: systems, infostructure, improvement, education, resource, and administration
On the issue of workforce size, the authors made several estimates, all of which came out with a relatively consistent range. This included the use of government employment statistics for health information management and IT professionals in health care. The authors also made a quick calculation based on my own previous research (of other research studies) finding a ratio of 1 IT worker per 50 non-IT workers in healthcare settings. The bottom line is an estimate of around 12,000 health informatics professionals (range 9,000-15,000) in a country with a population of approximately 21 million. (This number is not that far off the proportionate number of people identified for the United States in my HIMSS Analytics Database study, i.e., 108,390 IT personnel, perhaps along with 10,000 informaticians and 50,000 need for the ARRA EHR agenda, in a country of over 300 million.)
The study also reported that participants consistently expressed concern about a pending shortage of personnel, for which the authors proposed a number of solutions. These included efforts to increase the supply of workers through training and re-training, improving their productivity, and reducing demand through better design of systems and processes.
The second workforce study comes from Canada (O'Grady, J., 2009. Health Informatics and Health Information Management: Human Resources Report. Toronto, Ontario, Prism Economics and Analysis). It focused on professionals defined as working in the fields of health informatics and health information management . This study attempted to characterize job roles and activities, quantify the workforce, and anticipate future needs based on low, medium, and high growth scenarios. (They also noted that Canada was similar to the US and different from most Western European countries in being a laggard in the adoption of HIT.) Similar to other studies, they used a variety of techniques, including government employment statistics. They calculated needs based not only on growth in use of HIT but also replacement of those retiring or otherwise leaving the workforce.
The study looked at seven categories of workers, assessing job roles and specific challenges for each. In aggregate, the authors estimated current HIT employment in Canada at 32,450, broken down among the job categories as follows (approximately):
- Information Technology - public sector 11,000-13,000, private sector 5,000-6,000
- Health Information Management - 4,300-5,800
- Canadian Health System Management and Administration (counted in Analysis and Evaluation)
- Project Management - public sector 760-900, private sector 1,100-1,300
- Organizational and Behavioral Management - public sector 1,100-1,300, private sector 1,900-2,300
- Analysis and Evaluation - 3,300-3,900
- Clinical Informatics - public sector 600-710, private sector 380-450
- Low growth - across the board expenditure cuts by the Canadian health system
- Medium growth - deferring of some capital investments
- High growth - HIT investment unaffected by changes in health care spending
- Low growth - 7.6% growth to 35,020
- Medium growth - 14.3% growth to 37,200
- High growth - 26.1% growth to 41,030
The study also noted that Canada, like most countries, will face a substantial training need for many current and future personnel. Not only does 27% of the current 2009 workforce require additional formal training and experience, but 39%, 59%, or 78% of the 2014 workforce will require additional training under the low, medium, and high growth scenarios respectively.
So clearly Australia and Canada have major HIT training needs. Of course, so does the United States, as noted by my HIMSS Analytics Database study as well as recent estimates by ONC. To that end, two FOAs were recently released by the ONC to address workforce needs, as specified by Section 3016. These will be addressed in another posting soon.
Friday, November 20, 2009
What is the optimal "pre-informatics" education?
Readers of this blog and other writings of mine know that I have written a great deal about the optimal education and training needed to attain the knowledge and skills to work in the biomedical and health informatics profession. However, I am increasingly asked by people what is the best education and background to have before commencing informatics education. In other words, what is the most appropriate "pre-informatics" education?
Unfortunately, this is probably not a question that has a single answer, due to the heterogeneous nature of the jobs carried out by people educated in informatics and their equally heterogeneous backgrounds going in. While many in education leadership these days talk of "career pathways," the reality is that there are many pathways that feed into informatics as well as many pathways out into a variety of jobs (as demonstrated in Figure 3 of my "A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology" paper)
It is also important to remember that biomedical and health informatics is not just the intersection of healthcare and information technology (IT). Rather, it is the unique synergy and interaction that takes place when those and other disciplines intersect. I have made this point in other postings in this blog and others.
As such, you cannot be optimally trained in informatics just by having a background in its constituent disciplines. (This is one reason why I have trouble with educational institutions that are quickly creating informatics programs merely by combining, for example, healthcare and IT courses, as noted in the above Healthcare Informatics posting.)
But let's try to develop some notion of what advice we might give to someone considering education in biomedical and health informatics. My discussion is predicated on my view (bias?) that informatics is best taught at the graduate level, where one brings together a variety of competencies into a final common pathway. Therefore, one should likely have a baccalaureate degree in one of the areas I describe next, although we have seen plenty of examples in our program of those with prior degrees in completely different fields, such as law and economics.
Clearly first and foremost on the list of advice is having some knowledge or a prior degree in the underlying biomedical or health domain of one's interest. In the case of clinical informatics, this is an understanding of healthcare and its knowledge, way of thinking, and workflow. One does not necessarily need to have a formal healthcare degree (e.g., medicine, nursing, pharmacy, etc.), but there is a clear advantage to having one.
In the case of other areas of biomedical and health informatics, analogous reasoning applies. In bioinformatics, for example, one should have a strong background or prior degree in biology and/or other life sciences. In public health informatics, one needs a substantial background or prior degree in public health or a related area.
Since informatics is often (incorrectly, in my view) equated as IT or computer science (CS) in health care or biology, the next question is, how much of an IT or CS background is required? The answer to this question is that it depends on the career pathway desired. Clearly everyone in biomedical and health informatics needs to be facile and competent with IT. They must have an aptitude for quick learning of IT systems, i.e., be a power user of computers, especially in areas like productivity applications, searching, Web applications, and the like. They must also understand "information," and have skills in its application to further goals of healthcare, biomedical research, public health, and the like.
Beyond that, the amount of IT or CS knowledge depends on one's career goals. Certainly someone who wishes to engage in tasks such as data mining, text mining, and computational biology must have a deeper knowledge. These individuals must know how to program, understand information and system architecture, and be able to adapt to new technologies as they emerge to solve specific tasks. But if someone's focus is going to be leading an electronic health record (EHR) implementation in a healthcare organization or helping healthcare teams analyze data for quality, a deep understanding of IT and CS is less necessary.
Related to IT and CS is mathematics. Again, the amount necessary depends on one's career objectives. I personally believe that every "knowledge worker" in the world should have a basic understanding of statistics. This is not just the various statistical tests and when they are appropriately applied, but also the foundational knowledge of descriptive and inferential statistics. This is not just a requirement for being a good informatics professional, but also a good citizen, and appropriately understanding research results, risk analysis, and other important issues of the world. Certainly anyone who is going to do any kind of analysis of data in their informatics work needs to have a basic knowledge of statistics.
Another set of skills that are important for many informaticians to have are business skills, soft skills, and other abilities to work with people to achieve organizational and/or project goals. Perhaps the person coding bioinformatics algorithms or data mining routines might not need much of these (though good project management skills never hurt anyone!), it is more the individuals involved in management and leadership of IT in biomedical and health settings who need these skills.
Some informaticians need other specific backgrounds and skills. For example, anyone who is going to become a researcher needs education not only in the specific research methods they hope to apply, but also exposure to larger aspects of critical thinking, study design, and related topics.
So my advice to those seeking to develop or further their careers in biomedical and health informatics through education is to have a general sense of your career direction, bring as much as the above pre-requisites as you can into the educational program, and then be prepared to learn about the rest while bringing them all synergistically together to be the best informatician you can be. While a previous degree in one of the foundational areas of informatics is helpful, it is not an absolute requirement.
Unfortunately, this is probably not a question that has a single answer, due to the heterogeneous nature of the jobs carried out by people educated in informatics and their equally heterogeneous backgrounds going in. While many in education leadership these days talk of "career pathways," the reality is that there are many pathways that feed into informatics as well as many pathways out into a variety of jobs (as demonstrated in Figure 3 of my "A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology" paper)
It is also important to remember that biomedical and health informatics is not just the intersection of healthcare and information technology (IT). Rather, it is the unique synergy and interaction that takes place when those and other disciplines intersect. I have made this point in other postings in this blog and others.
As such, you cannot be optimally trained in informatics just by having a background in its constituent disciplines. (This is one reason why I have trouble with educational institutions that are quickly creating informatics programs merely by combining, for example, healthcare and IT courses, as noted in the above Healthcare Informatics posting.)
But let's try to develop some notion of what advice we might give to someone considering education in biomedical and health informatics. My discussion is predicated on my view (bias?) that informatics is best taught at the graduate level, where one brings together a variety of competencies into a final common pathway. Therefore, one should likely have a baccalaureate degree in one of the areas I describe next, although we have seen plenty of examples in our program of those with prior degrees in completely different fields, such as law and economics.
Clearly first and foremost on the list of advice is having some knowledge or a prior degree in the underlying biomedical or health domain of one's interest. In the case of clinical informatics, this is an understanding of healthcare and its knowledge, way of thinking, and workflow. One does not necessarily need to have a formal healthcare degree (e.g., medicine, nursing, pharmacy, etc.), but there is a clear advantage to having one.
In the case of other areas of biomedical and health informatics, analogous reasoning applies. In bioinformatics, for example, one should have a strong background or prior degree in biology and/or other life sciences. In public health informatics, one needs a substantial background or prior degree in public health or a related area.
Since informatics is often (incorrectly, in my view) equated as IT or computer science (CS) in health care or biology, the next question is, how much of an IT or CS background is required? The answer to this question is that it depends on the career pathway desired. Clearly everyone in biomedical and health informatics needs to be facile and competent with IT. They must have an aptitude for quick learning of IT systems, i.e., be a power user of computers, especially in areas like productivity applications, searching, Web applications, and the like. They must also understand "information," and have skills in its application to further goals of healthcare, biomedical research, public health, and the like.
Beyond that, the amount of IT or CS knowledge depends on one's career goals. Certainly someone who wishes to engage in tasks such as data mining, text mining, and computational biology must have a deeper knowledge. These individuals must know how to program, understand information and system architecture, and be able to adapt to new technologies as they emerge to solve specific tasks. But if someone's focus is going to be leading an electronic health record (EHR) implementation in a healthcare organization or helping healthcare teams analyze data for quality, a deep understanding of IT and CS is less necessary.
Related to IT and CS is mathematics. Again, the amount necessary depends on one's career objectives. I personally believe that every "knowledge worker" in the world should have a basic understanding of statistics. This is not just the various statistical tests and when they are appropriately applied, but also the foundational knowledge of descriptive and inferential statistics. This is not just a requirement for being a good informatics professional, but also a good citizen, and appropriately understanding research results, risk analysis, and other important issues of the world. Certainly anyone who is going to do any kind of analysis of data in their informatics work needs to have a basic knowledge of statistics.
Another set of skills that are important for many informaticians to have are business skills, soft skills, and other abilities to work with people to achieve organizational and/or project goals. Perhaps the person coding bioinformatics algorithms or data mining routines might not need much of these (though good project management skills never hurt anyone!), it is more the individuals involved in management and leadership of IT in biomedical and health settings who need these skills.
Some informaticians need other specific backgrounds and skills. For example, anyone who is going to become a researcher needs education not only in the specific research methods they hope to apply, but also exposure to larger aspects of critical thinking, study design, and related topics.
So my advice to those seeking to develop or further their careers in biomedical and health informatics through education is to have a general sense of your career direction, bring as much as the above pre-requisites as you can into the educational program, and then be prepared to learn about the rest while bringing them all synergistically together to be the best informatician you can be. While a previous degree in one of the foundational areas of informatics is helpful, it is not an absolute requirement.
Monday, November 9, 2009
Academia = Education AND Research
The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium is clearly the best informatics meeting of the year. It is rigorously academic, so the quality is top-notch, but not too much, so you can glean plenty of practical information as well.
The AMIA symposium is also an opportunity for us because we can showcase our department. As always, our faculty and students will pepper the program with great papers, panels, and posters. In addition, the annual OHSU banquet is a gratifying display of the energy and passion of our program, not to mention quite fun. I look forward to this year's meeting in San Francisco later this month.
This meeting always give me a chance to reflect on the importance of a comprehensive academic program that values both education and research. A vibrant graduate-level program cannot thrive without both. Being at the cutting edge of research allows faculty to be the knowledge and thought leaders in their respective areas.
This was borne out a couple years ago when we hosted a focus group that assembled a number of what we call "local distance" students, which are students who live in the Portland area but prefer to enroll in our on-line program. We wanted to know why they preferred that instead of coming "up the hill" to the OHSU campus. The answers were obvious in retrospect: they appreciate the convenience of being able to carry out their studies at their preferred hours (usually evenings and weekends) and they did not want to deal with the hassle of driving to and parking on our campus (which everyone knows can be a pain, at least during regular working hours).
There was, however, another interesting finding that came from the focus group. These students told us they were drawn to our program not only because of its local connection, but also because they valued the faculty and their leadership roles in the field, especially their research. Even though they were unlikely to become researchers themselves, or for some to even do research, they believed it was important to obtain their education in a department that was known for being a leader in research as well.
As always, I look forward to catching up with students, alumni, and old friends at the AMIA meeting.
The AMIA symposium is also an opportunity for us because we can showcase our department. As always, our faculty and students will pepper the program with great papers, panels, and posters. In addition, the annual OHSU banquet is a gratifying display of the energy and passion of our program, not to mention quite fun. I look forward to this year's meeting in San Francisco later this month.
This meeting always give me a chance to reflect on the importance of a comprehensive academic program that values both education and research. A vibrant graduate-level program cannot thrive without both. Being at the cutting edge of research allows faculty to be the knowledge and thought leaders in their respective areas.
This was borne out a couple years ago when we hosted a focus group that assembled a number of what we call "local distance" students, which are students who live in the Portland area but prefer to enroll in our on-line program. We wanted to know why they preferred that instead of coming "up the hill" to the OHSU campus. The answers were obvious in retrospect: they appreciate the convenience of being able to carry out their studies at their preferred hours (usually evenings and weekends) and they did not want to deal with the hassle of driving to and parking on our campus (which everyone knows can be a pain, at least during regular working hours).
There was, however, another interesting finding that came from the focus group. These students told us they were drawn to our program not only because of its local connection, but also because they valued the faculty and their leadership roles in the field, especially their research. Even though they were unlikely to become researchers themselves, or for some to even do research, they believed it was important to obtain their education in a department that was known for being a leader in research as well.
As always, I look forward to catching up with students, alumni, and old friends at the AMIA meeting.
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
The workforce for meaningful use
The discussion about health IT workforce continues to heat up as health care organizations realize that achieving meaningful use of electronic health records will require not only hardware and software, but people who have the expertise to make it happen. That expertise requires as much an understanding of information use and analysis, clinical organization and workflow, and business and management as it does IT, i.e., the substance of informatics.
One recent article describes a developing "war on talent" for health IT workers. The same publication features another article about how health care organizations are "racing" to fill CIO positions.
Finally, an IT publication describes why "your next job may be in health care."
By the way, many people ask me where they can read a succinct overview about "meaningful use," and I have found a nice 6-pager by David Classen of CSC. Of course, the "ground truth" comes from the matrix recommended by the Office of the National Coordinator to CMS, who will set the final rules in the near future.
One recent article describes a developing "war on talent" for health IT workers. The same publication features another article about how health care organizations are "racing" to fill CIO positions.
Finally, an IT publication describes why "your next job may be in health care."
By the way, many people ask me where they can read a succinct overview about "meaningful use," and I have found a nice 6-pager by David Classen of CSC. Of course, the "ground truth" comes from the matrix recommended by the Office of the National Coordinator to CMS, who will set the final rules in the near future.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Informatics Is Not Just For Clinicians
I receive a steady stream of emails from people who are interested in careers and/or education in the biomedical and health informatics field. To the extent I can, I try to reply, giving advice and steering them to more information.
One inquiry I recently received was from someone who has an information technology (IT) background and noted that most of my writings seem to imply that informatics is a profession mainly for those with clinical or other healthcare backgrounds. He noted that I point to research and other observations that clearly show than an understanding of the clinical environment, its thinking, and its workflows are essential for career success in this field.
This individual asked, is there a role for non-clinicians in this field? My reply, as always, was a definite YES! Not only has our workforce research and the experience of others shown that there are plenty of opportunities for work for those who do not have clinical backgrounds, we also know that many of the 250+ alumni of our graduate program, a number of whom are non-clinicians, are gainfully employed.
This is not the first time I had been asked this question. In fact, we felt compelled to write about it several years ago in an issue of our department newsletter, noting even then that were plenty of jobs for non-clinicians in a variety of informatics settings.
However, it is clear that those without healthcare backgrounds must understand clinical environments. They need to understand its operations, it workflows, and even its thinking. But that can be learned, and for many jobs it is sufficient to not have formal training in a healthcare profession.
Now it is true that non-clinicians might end up in different jobs and follow different career paths than clinicians. Of course, that is the case even among the different types of clinicians. The best example of that is the position of Chief Medical Information Officer. This position is almost always filled by a physician. However, there are many other informatics jobs in healthcare settings that other physicians, other healthcare professionals (e.g., nurses, pharmacists, lab techs, healthcare administrators, etc.), and non-clinicians fill.
Some readers of this blog have seen my figure that provides an analogy from Bayesian statistics, i.e., what you do in a career after an informatics education is a function of both what you brought into the education and of what knowledge and skills you gained in the education. Ok, so the analogy is not perfect, but I hope it makes the point that informatics is a large and diverse field, and there are roles for people of many backgrounds who are passionate about using information to improve health.
One inquiry I recently received was from someone who has an information technology (IT) background and noted that most of my writings seem to imply that informatics is a profession mainly for those with clinical or other healthcare backgrounds. He noted that I point to research and other observations that clearly show than an understanding of the clinical environment, its thinking, and its workflows are essential for career success in this field.
This individual asked, is there a role for non-clinicians in this field? My reply, as always, was a definite YES! Not only has our workforce research and the experience of others shown that there are plenty of opportunities for work for those who do not have clinical backgrounds, we also know that many of the 250+ alumni of our graduate program, a number of whom are non-clinicians, are gainfully employed.
This is not the first time I had been asked this question. In fact, we felt compelled to write about it several years ago in an issue of our department newsletter, noting even then that were plenty of jobs for non-clinicians in a variety of informatics settings.
However, it is clear that those without healthcare backgrounds must understand clinical environments. They need to understand its operations, it workflows, and even its thinking. But that can be learned, and for many jobs it is sufficient to not have formal training in a healthcare profession.
Now it is true that non-clinicians might end up in different jobs and follow different career paths than clinicians. Of course, that is the case even among the different types of clinicians. The best example of that is the position of Chief Medical Information Officer. This position is almost always filled by a physician. However, there are many other informatics jobs in healthcare settings that other physicians, other healthcare professionals (e.g., nurses, pharmacists, lab techs, healthcare administrators, etc.), and non-clinicians fill.
Some readers of this blog have seen my figure that provides an analogy from Bayesian statistics, i.e., what you do in a career after an informatics education is a function of both what you brought into the education and of what knowledge and skills you gained in the education. Ok, so the analogy is not perfect, but I hope it makes the point that informatics is a large and diverse field, and there are roles for people of many backgrounds who are passionate about using information to improve health.
Monday, October 5, 2009
What Level of Training Is Needed for Health IT and Clinical Informatics Jobs?
There will likely be a large number of jobs that result from the funding in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, aka the stimulus bill) of 2009 providing incentives for electronic health record (EHR) adoption. Dr. Charles Friedman of the Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) recently estimated that 60,000 people will be required for these jobs (PHIN 2009 Meeting Town Hall, September 2, 2009). ONC also recently posted on its Web site a set of job roles and competencies for this massive scaling up of EHR use that was developed in a workshop in August.
One question that arises is, who will provide all this education and training? A number of people have advocated that it be carried out by community colleges. A recent article in Healthcare IT News interviewed two people, a health insurance company executive and a president of a community college association, who advocated for community colleges to play that role.
In a rebuttal commentary, however, I replied that I was not so sure. There is no doubt that plenty of jobs in health IT will be for those educated in community colleges, such as the "informatics technicians" noted in a recent CNN posting about "emerging jobs poised for growth." But this is in distinction to the emerging clinical informatics role, which requires a combination of understanding the clinical environment and its workflows, ability to use advanced information analysis (more so than IT or computer science skills), and a myriad of business and soft skills. As the director of an informatics graduate program, I acknowledge my bias, but I advocated in my commentary that these programs, slightly re-orienting and focusing their curricula, may be better suited for training up this workforce. Since the proposed training must necessarily be short-term, I noted in my commentary that we are re-configuring our Graduate Certificate program into a 6-month program when pursued as a full-time student.
One line of evidence supporting my view comes from the Health IT Compensation Survey (Vendome, 2009). This year's survey features a wealth of data that goes way beyond compensation, and provides an interesting synopsis of the job functions and educational backgrounds of a wide variety of people who work in the industry. They segment those they survey into job setting (i.e., hospital, company, etc.), and across every segment, they subdivide people into leadership, clinical, and non-clinical positions.
Those in hospitals make up the largest segment in the survey, so I will focus on them. Among the leaders, 18% have doctoral or professional degrees, 48% have master's degrees, and all but 4% of the rest have bachelor's degrees. They subdivide the clinical and non-clinical professionals into "high authority" and "low authority." The breakdown of degrees within these groups is:
I do realize that community colleges play a strong role in rapidly adapting to skills needs in communities, and that many of their students are those who have bachelor's or even graduate degrees and return to attain new skills. And there is no question that some of the jobs in health IT will require the kinds of skills that community colleges already teach, such as those in pure IT. I acknowledge that the person hired to harden a server to prevent its security from being compromised probably does not need courses in change management. But many others who work in health IT do!
The reality is that few community colleges have expertise on their faculty in clinical informatics, which is not the mere addition of computer science, health information management, and health care courses as many seem to think. Informatics is what arises at the unique intersection of those areas, and the expertise for teaching it currently resides mostly in graduate-level informatics programs.
One question that arises is, who will provide all this education and training? A number of people have advocated that it be carried out by community colleges. A recent article in Healthcare IT News interviewed two people, a health insurance company executive and a president of a community college association, who advocated for community colleges to play that role.
In a rebuttal commentary, however, I replied that I was not so sure. There is no doubt that plenty of jobs in health IT will be for those educated in community colleges, such as the "informatics technicians" noted in a recent CNN posting about "emerging jobs poised for growth." But this is in distinction to the emerging clinical informatics role, which requires a combination of understanding the clinical environment and its workflows, ability to use advanced information analysis (more so than IT or computer science skills), and a myriad of business and soft skills. As the director of an informatics graduate program, I acknowledge my bias, but I advocated in my commentary that these programs, slightly re-orienting and focusing their curricula, may be better suited for training up this workforce. Since the proposed training must necessarily be short-term, I noted in my commentary that we are re-configuring our Graduate Certificate program into a 6-month program when pursued as a full-time student.
One line of evidence supporting my view comes from the Health IT Compensation Survey (Vendome, 2009). This year's survey features a wealth of data that goes way beyond compensation, and provides an interesting synopsis of the job functions and educational backgrounds of a wide variety of people who work in the industry. They segment those they survey into job setting (i.e., hospital, company, etc.), and across every segment, they subdivide people into leadership, clinical, and non-clinical positions.
Those in hospitals make up the largest segment in the survey, so I will focus on them. Among the leaders, 18% have doctoral or professional degrees, 48% have master's degrees, and all but 4% of the rest have bachelor's degrees. They subdivide the clinical and non-clinical professionals into "high authority" and "low authority." The breakdown of degrees within these groups is:
- Clinical/High Authority: 34% have doctoral or professional degrees, 29% have master's degrees, and 30% have bachelor's degrees
- Clinical/Low Authority: 20% have doctoral or professional degrees, 31% have master's degrees, and 35% have bachelor's degrees
- Non-Clinical/High Authority: 1% have doctoral or professional degrees, 36% have master's degrees, and 38% have bachelor's degrees
- Non-Clinical/Low Authority: 1% have doctoral or professional degrees, 24% have master's degrees, and 51% have bachelor's degrees
I do realize that community colleges play a strong role in rapidly adapting to skills needs in communities, and that many of their students are those who have bachelor's or even graduate degrees and return to attain new skills. And there is no question that some of the jobs in health IT will require the kinds of skills that community colleges already teach, such as those in pure IT. I acknowledge that the person hired to harden a server to prevent its security from being compromised probably does not need courses in change management. But many others who work in health IT do!
The reality is that few community colleges have expertise on their faculty in clinical informatics, which is not the mere addition of computer science, health information management, and health care courses as many seem to think. Informatics is what arises at the unique intersection of those areas, and the expertise for teaching it currently resides mostly in graduate-level informatics programs.
Sunday, September 27, 2009
A Tale of Two Professions: Biomedical/Health Informatics and Health Information Management
The OHSU Biomedical and Health Informatics Program recently had a new track in its Graduate Certificate accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation of Health Informatics and Information Management (CAHIIM). This culminated a several-year effort to establish a track within the program devoted to health information management (HIM). It will allow those who complete the track to sit for the Registered Health Information Administration (RHIA) credential.
While we are very proud of this accomplishment, and our desire to integrate informatics and HIM, it has probably added more confusion to a field that is already bereft with misunderstandings about its name, scope, and many other things. Nonetheless, I believe that the positives vastly outweigh the negatives. Both fields started in a very different place, but are increasingly converging toward the same intellectual content and professional work. Both fields need to adapt if they wish to meet the agenda for health information technology in the 21st century health care system.
The informatics field began as an academic research discipline, housed mainly in medical schools. Most working in the field had doctoral degrees, either an MD or PhD, and sometimes both. Much of the early work was funded by federal research grants. The HIM field, on the other hand, has always been one of the "allied health" professions. Its education has been at the lower end of the higher education spectrum, with a great deal of programs in community colleges.
In recent years, however, the two fields have moved much closer. Informatics has had to adapt as its applications, mostly notably electronic health records, have become "mainstream," with the concomitant growing need for professionals who can lead and support their adoption in operational health care settings.
HIM has had to adapt as well. The skills associated with managing folders of paper and record rooms have become obsolete, requiring updating to focus on the other important aspects of HIM practice, such as compliance, legal issues, and use of coded data.
This naturally gives rise to the question of where one discipline ends and the other one begins. Or, in a more practical question being asked by students considering study at OHSU, who should pursue the HIM track and who should pursue the regular clinical informatics track?
This is unfortunately not a simple question to answer, which I am sure leads to some frustration among those considering education and/or careers in a program such as ours. Part of decision must rest on career goals and professional identity. Even though HIM work is expanding more broadly into areas historically covered by informatics, the reality is that most HIM professionals still focus somewhat narrowly on the health record. This is not a bad thing, as there are many important tasks for the electronic health record (EHR), and HIM professionals are highly skilled in leading those efforts. Certainly someone who wants their career to focus on classical HIM tasks in an electronic world ought to pursue the HIM track. Likewise, if one wishes to identify as an HIM professional, this track is essential.
For those with clinical and/or information technology (IT) backgrounds who want to pursue what is increasingly known as "clinical informatics," my recommendation would be to pursue the conventional informatics track. There is still plenty of opportunity to focus on EHRs, but general informatics also allows their broader application. Our program has seen a number of HIM professionals enroll and graduate in an attempt to broaden the breadth of their expertise. Of course, as informatics moves to add credentialing to its professionals, we may see a blurring or even a merging of credentials from the two fields.
One positive consequence of our new HIM track is that it provides expanded coursework in our larger informatics program. Indeed, many students in the conventional track have found these new HIM courses interesting and worthwhile. Another important value of having the track is letting the community know that our informatics program is "HIM-friendly."
Going forward, I see continued convergence of informatics and HIM. HIM shares the attributes to which I have ascribed in other writings to informatics, namely that we are focused more on information than technology, and that our work's main goal is to improve health, health care, and biomedical research.
While we are very proud of this accomplishment, and our desire to integrate informatics and HIM, it has probably added more confusion to a field that is already bereft with misunderstandings about its name, scope, and many other things. Nonetheless, I believe that the positives vastly outweigh the negatives. Both fields started in a very different place, but are increasingly converging toward the same intellectual content and professional work. Both fields need to adapt if they wish to meet the agenda for health information technology in the 21st century health care system.
The informatics field began as an academic research discipline, housed mainly in medical schools. Most working in the field had doctoral degrees, either an MD or PhD, and sometimes both. Much of the early work was funded by federal research grants. The HIM field, on the other hand, has always been one of the "allied health" professions. Its education has been at the lower end of the higher education spectrum, with a great deal of programs in community colleges.
In recent years, however, the two fields have moved much closer. Informatics has had to adapt as its applications, mostly notably electronic health records, have become "mainstream," with the concomitant growing need for professionals who can lead and support their adoption in operational health care settings.
HIM has had to adapt as well. The skills associated with managing folders of paper and record rooms have become obsolete, requiring updating to focus on the other important aspects of HIM practice, such as compliance, legal issues, and use of coded data.
This naturally gives rise to the question of where one discipline ends and the other one begins. Or, in a more practical question being asked by students considering study at OHSU, who should pursue the HIM track and who should pursue the regular clinical informatics track?
This is unfortunately not a simple question to answer, which I am sure leads to some frustration among those considering education and/or careers in a program such as ours. Part of decision must rest on career goals and professional identity. Even though HIM work is expanding more broadly into areas historically covered by informatics, the reality is that most HIM professionals still focus somewhat narrowly on the health record. This is not a bad thing, as there are many important tasks for the electronic health record (EHR), and HIM professionals are highly skilled in leading those efforts. Certainly someone who wants their career to focus on classical HIM tasks in an electronic world ought to pursue the HIM track. Likewise, if one wishes to identify as an HIM professional, this track is essential.
For those with clinical and/or information technology (IT) backgrounds who want to pursue what is increasingly known as "clinical informatics," my recommendation would be to pursue the conventional informatics track. There is still plenty of opportunity to focus on EHRs, but general informatics also allows their broader application. Our program has seen a number of HIM professionals enroll and graduate in an attempt to broaden the breadth of their expertise. Of course, as informatics moves to add credentialing to its professionals, we may see a blurring or even a merging of credentials from the two fields.
One positive consequence of our new HIM track is that it provides expanded coursework in our larger informatics program. Indeed, many students in the conventional track have found these new HIM courses interesting and worthwhile. Another important value of having the track is letting the community know that our informatics program is "HIM-friendly."
Going forward, I see continued convergence of informatics and HIM. HIM shares the attributes to which I have ascribed in other writings to informatics, namely that we are focused more on information than technology, and that our work's main goal is to improve health, health care, and biomedical research.
Friday, August 7, 2009
Informatics: A Field and Profession Coming Into its Own
If there is one gratifying aspect about the informatics field in recent years, it has been the field's self-identification. The role of informatics, distinct from information technology (IT) as well as other health care professions, has been established. This is important for any discipline, especially for those who are professionals in the emerging field and those studying to enter it.
I recently had the opportunity to expound on this in a couple interviews. In both of them, I appreciated that the interviewers published essentially unedited transcripts of their questions and my answers. Sometimes it is appropriate for writers to try to summarize an interview, but often they end up over-simplifying or getting things wrong. These interviews, on the other hand, are both a nice stream of consciousness.
The first interview is an audio interview on the XM Radio show, ReadyMD. To listen to the interview, you need to follow this link:
http://www.reachmd.com/xmsegment.aspx?sid=4565
(When you get to the page, you have the option to play the interview on the page or to download the Podcast [MP3] file. If you choose the former, you need to create a free account on their Web site to access the interview. The latter allows you to play or even download and save the audio file.)
The second interview is on the famous (infamous?) blog, Mr. HISTalk, which is an authoritative site for both news and gossip in health IT:
http://histalk2.com/2009/08/05/histalk-interviews-william-hersh-md/
This interview is a text transcript, but for the most part is a verbatim stream of consciousness between the interviewer and myself. We cover a number of topics, not only workforce and education, but also clinical data issues and the stimulus package. (And no, I cannot divulge the identity of Mr. HISTalk. Even if I knew more than his first name!)
Of course, not all people who write about informatics field get it right. (Though is the old showbiz adage true, that any publicity is good publicity?) In any case, a recent posting on the CNN CareerBuilder.com Web site describes "seven emerging jobs poised for growth," one of which is a "health informatics technician":
http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/worklife/08/04/cb.7.emerging.jobs/
According to the site, there is huge growth opportunity as health care facilities transition to electronic health records. Sounds great, until they list the salary: $31,208! I assume this is an annual salary, but I am flabbergasted, since the salaries in this field are in reality so substantially higher, even for entry-level jobs. The only people in the field who make that low of a salary are the PhD students on stipends from our NLM training grant! Even the postdocs on the training grant make more, and every other person I know in the field makes more than this, some a whole lot more.
If you look at the Healthcare Informatics 2009 Compensation Survey, you see that those in clinical positions make median salaries of $78,000 ("low authority") to $111,000 ("low authority"). Those in non-clinical positions make median salaries of $80,000 ("low authority") to $92,000 ("low authority"). Senior executives have mean salaries of $150,000. (All of these data are for those working in hospitals, but they are comparable for others who work in other health care settings as well as for companies.) Other data show Chief Medical Information Officers make $150,000-$300,000 (depending on their clinical background).
So this is a professional that has found its identity and the salary opportunities are pretty decent!
I recently had the opportunity to expound on this in a couple interviews. In both of them, I appreciated that the interviewers published essentially unedited transcripts of their questions and my answers. Sometimes it is appropriate for writers to try to summarize an interview, but often they end up over-simplifying or getting things wrong. These interviews, on the other hand, are both a nice stream of consciousness.
The first interview is an audio interview on the XM Radio show, ReadyMD. To listen to the interview, you need to follow this link:
http://www.reachmd.com/xmsegment.aspx?sid=4565
(When you get to the page, you have the option to play the interview on the page or to download the Podcast [MP3] file. If you choose the former, you need to create a free account on their Web site to access the interview. The latter allows you to play or even download and save the audio file.)
The second interview is on the famous (infamous?) blog, Mr. HISTalk, which is an authoritative site for both news and gossip in health IT:
http://histalk2.com/2009/08/05/histalk-interviews-william-hersh-md/
This interview is a text transcript, but for the most part is a verbatim stream of consciousness between the interviewer and myself. We cover a number of topics, not only workforce and education, but also clinical data issues and the stimulus package. (And no, I cannot divulge the identity of Mr. HISTalk. Even if I knew more than his first name!)
Of course, not all people who write about informatics field get it right. (Though is the old showbiz adage true, that any publicity is good publicity?) In any case, a recent posting on the CNN CareerBuilder.com Web site describes "seven emerging jobs poised for growth," one of which is a "health informatics technician":
http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/worklife/08/04/cb.7.emerging.jobs/
According to the site, there is huge growth opportunity as health care facilities transition to electronic health records. Sounds great, until they list the salary: $31,208! I assume this is an annual salary, but I am flabbergasted, since the salaries in this field are in reality so substantially higher, even for entry-level jobs. The only people in the field who make that low of a salary are the PhD students on stipends from our NLM training grant! Even the postdocs on the training grant make more, and every other person I know in the field makes more than this, some a whole lot more.
If you look at the Healthcare Informatics 2009 Compensation Survey, you see that those in clinical positions make median salaries of $78,000 ("low authority") to $111,000 ("low authority"). Those in non-clinical positions make median salaries of $80,000 ("low authority") to $92,000 ("low authority"). Senior executives have mean salaries of $150,000. (All of these data are for those working in hospitals, but they are comparable for others who work in other health care settings as well as for companies.) Other data show Chief Medical Information Officers make $150,000-$300,000 (depending on their clinical background).
So this is a professional that has found its identity and the salary opportunities are pretty decent!
Tuesday, July 7, 2009
Informatics Education: A Final Common Pathway
As readers of this blog know from my other writings, the field of biomedical and health informatics is heterogeneous and diverse. The types of jobs performed by informaticians range from the highly technical to those that are more people and organizational in nature. The entire spectrum is vitally important. A unifying common element of these jobs is that they are somehow related to the use of information, often aided by technology, to improve individual health, health care, public health, and biomedical research.
I am also delighted to report that US News & World Report still considers informatics be one of its "ahead of the curve" careers. There is a Web page devoted to it, where I recently posted a comment.
Of course, educating such a diverse group can also be a real joy. Most of these individuals are very smart and highly motivated. I learn a great deal from them, and they require me to keep a step ahead in my knowledge.
Because of all this, I think of informatics education as a "final common pathway" for many individuals who bring diverse backgrounds, interests, and talents to the field. Such individuals will be uniquely qualified to develop, implement, and lead health IT, especially in the coming years.
It is hard to fathom this education not taking place at the graduate level. I recognize there are growing numbers of community college and undergraduate programs in informatics, but I tend to view these as one of the many pathways leading to that final common one. Most of the associate and baccalaureate programs in informatics are really IT programs with some health-related content added. This does not mean they cannot be of value to individuals or make contributions in health care settings, but such individuals are not likely to "practice" informatics as we normally define it.
I suspect that the informatics profession and its education will become more standardized in the coming years, especially as we see certification of individuals, with the commensurate accreditation of programs.
I am also delighted to report that US News & World Report still considers informatics be one of its "ahead of the curve" careers. There is a Web page devoted to it, where I recently posted a comment.
- http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/best-careers/2008/12/11/ahead-of-the-curve-health-informatics-specialist-2009.html
- http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/best-careers/2008/12/11/ahead-of-the-curve-health-informatics-specialist-2009/comments/
Of course, educating such a diverse group can also be a real joy. Most of these individuals are very smart and highly motivated. I learn a great deal from them, and they require me to keep a step ahead in my knowledge.
Because of all this, I think of informatics education as a "final common pathway" for many individuals who bring diverse backgrounds, interests, and talents to the field. Such individuals will be uniquely qualified to develop, implement, and lead health IT, especially in the coming years.
It is hard to fathom this education not taking place at the graduate level. I recognize there are growing numbers of community college and undergraduate programs in informatics, but I tend to view these as one of the many pathways leading to that final common one. Most of the associate and baccalaureate programs in informatics are really IT programs with some health-related content added. This does not mean they cannot be of value to individuals or make contributions in health care settings, but such individuals are not likely to "practice" informatics as we normally define it.
I suspect that the informatics profession and its education will become more standardized in the coming years, especially as we see certification of individuals, with the commensurate accreditation of programs.
Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Just What the President Ordered
Readers of this blog may be interested in a new press release today from OHSU. It can also be viewed at:
http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/about/news_events/news/justwhatthepresidentordered.cfm
June 30, 2009
Contact: Tim Kringen, 503 494-8231; kringent@ohsu.edu
JUST WHAT THE PRESIDENT ORDERED
OHSU biomedical informatics hires interns, trainees, and college faculty with federal stimulus funds
PORTLAND, Ore. – Oregon Health & Science University has received funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and will do exactly what President Obama ordered: hire trainees and summer interns for its biomedical informatics training program. The new hires include undergraduate and graduate students as well as community college faculty.
The federal economic stimulus funding was received by the Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology (DMICE) in OHSU’s School of Medicine. “This will do exactly what the President intended: provide jobs and help build expertise in health information technology,” said William Hersh, M.D., professor and chairman of DMICE. “This will be good for patients, who will see improvements in quality of care through the use of information technology. It will also be good for Oregon’s economy, as our state is positioned to be an industry leader in health IT due to the presence of established and emerging companies and the strength of the biomedical informatics program at OHSU. We’re very excited about this opportunity.”
Summer interns have already started arriving on campus and will work on a variety of projects under the mentorship of OHSU biomedical informatics faculty. A total of thirteen students are participating in the internship program, and come from a variety of colleges and universities, including the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, Portland State University, Scripps College, and Northwestern University.
Brian Bakke is a sophomore at Portland State (PSU) studying computer science. “I’m interested in ways that technology can make health care more accessible for patients and simpler to understand.” Bakke is in the “3+2” joint biomedical informatics program between PSU and OHSU that allows students to receive both a B.A. in Computer Science and an M.S. in Biomedical Informatics during a coordinated, five-year course of study. “I think informatics is poised to make significant contributions to improving the American health care system in the coming years and I hope to be a part of that.”
Peter Ryabinin is a Portland native currently studying mathematics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Like many of his fellow summer interns at DMICE, he is interested in getting some work experience and finding out more about the field of biomedical informatics. “I enjoy applying mathematical ideas to the real world,” he said. “I think informatics is a way to do that and I want to see if it’s the right fit for me.”
All who participate in the program will take away valuable knowledge and skills they can pursue further study in the field (college interns), curriculum development in community colleges (faculty), and employment in the field (graduate student fellowships).
John Blackwood is a faculty member at Umpqua Community College in Roseburg, Oregon. He teaches in the Computer Information Systems degree program, a two-year sequence of classes designed to prepare students for employment as an entry-level network administrator, computer support person, Web designer, or computer programmer. “Informatics, at the associate degree level, is a relatively new employment opportunity and I want to educate myself so that I can help prepare my students to take advantage of more career options.” Blackwood and fellow DMICE summer hire Michael Talbert of Portland Community College are developing the curriculum for an associates degree in health informatics that they hope will be adopted by the state and available at all community colleges in Oregon. “The jobs are there. We just need to ensure that our students have the right mix of skills to be attractive to employers.”
The final group of trainees will begin arriving in the late summer and early fall. These will be graduate students pursuing Ph.D. degrees as well as postdoctoral fellows (with an M.D. or Ph.D.) who will be seeking advanced education in the field that will allow them to develop careers in this growing field. They will pursue a course of study that will culminate in a research project under the mentorship of an OHSU faculty member.
The stimulus funding comes to OHSU from the National Library of Medicine, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, the government agency devoted to biomedical research and training. OHSU will receive $184,810 for the summer internship program and $1.15 million for the fellowships. Further health information technology will be forthcoming in the future from other initiatives in the stimulus package as well as legislation sponsored by Oregon Congressman David Wu.
About OHSU
Oregon Health & Science University is the state's only health and research university, and Oregon's only academic health center. OHSU is Portland's largest employer and the fourth largest in Oregon (excluding government). OHSU's size contributes to its ability to provide many services and community support activities not found anywhere else in the state. It serves patients from every corner of the state, and is a conduit for learning for more than 3,400 students and trainees. OHSU is the source of more than 200 community outreach programs that bring health and education services to every county in the state.
http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/about/news_events/news/justwhatthepresidentordered.cfm
June 30, 2009
Contact: Tim Kringen, 503 494-8231; kringent@ohsu.edu
JUST WHAT THE PRESIDENT ORDERED
OHSU biomedical informatics hires interns, trainees, and college faculty with federal stimulus funds
PORTLAND, Ore. – Oregon Health & Science University has received funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, and will do exactly what President Obama ordered: hire trainees and summer interns for its biomedical informatics training program. The new hires include undergraduate and graduate students as well as community college faculty.
The federal economic stimulus funding was received by the Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology (DMICE) in OHSU’s School of Medicine. “This will do exactly what the President intended: provide jobs and help build expertise in health information technology,” said William Hersh, M.D., professor and chairman of DMICE. “This will be good for patients, who will see improvements in quality of care through the use of information technology. It will also be good for Oregon’s economy, as our state is positioned to be an industry leader in health IT due to the presence of established and emerging companies and the strength of the biomedical informatics program at OHSU. We’re very excited about this opportunity.”
Summer interns have already started arriving on campus and will work on a variety of projects under the mentorship of OHSU biomedical informatics faculty. A total of thirteen students are participating in the internship program, and come from a variety of colleges and universities, including the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, Portland State University, Scripps College, and Northwestern University.
Brian Bakke is a sophomore at Portland State (PSU) studying computer science. “I’m interested in ways that technology can make health care more accessible for patients and simpler to understand.” Bakke is in the “3+2” joint biomedical informatics program between PSU and OHSU that allows students to receive both a B.A. in Computer Science and an M.S. in Biomedical Informatics during a coordinated, five-year course of study. “I think informatics is poised to make significant contributions to improving the American health care system in the coming years and I hope to be a part of that.”
Peter Ryabinin is a Portland native currently studying mathematics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Like many of his fellow summer interns at DMICE, he is interested in getting some work experience and finding out more about the field of biomedical informatics. “I enjoy applying mathematical ideas to the real world,” he said. “I think informatics is a way to do that and I want to see if it’s the right fit for me.”
All who participate in the program will take away valuable knowledge and skills they can pursue further study in the field (college interns), curriculum development in community colleges (faculty), and employment in the field (graduate student fellowships).
John Blackwood is a faculty member at Umpqua Community College in Roseburg, Oregon. He teaches in the Computer Information Systems degree program, a two-year sequence of classes designed to prepare students for employment as an entry-level network administrator, computer support person, Web designer, or computer programmer. “Informatics, at the associate degree level, is a relatively new employment opportunity and I want to educate myself so that I can help prepare my students to take advantage of more career options.” Blackwood and fellow DMICE summer hire Michael Talbert of Portland Community College are developing the curriculum for an associates degree in health informatics that they hope will be adopted by the state and available at all community colleges in Oregon. “The jobs are there. We just need to ensure that our students have the right mix of skills to be attractive to employers.”
The final group of trainees will begin arriving in the late summer and early fall. These will be graduate students pursuing Ph.D. degrees as well as postdoctoral fellows (with an M.D. or Ph.D.) who will be seeking advanced education in the field that will allow them to develop careers in this growing field. They will pursue a course of study that will culminate in a research project under the mentorship of an OHSU faculty member.
The stimulus funding comes to OHSU from the National Library of Medicine, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, the government agency devoted to biomedical research and training. OHSU will receive $184,810 for the summer internship program and $1.15 million for the fellowships. Further health information technology will be forthcoming in the future from other initiatives in the stimulus package as well as legislation sponsored by Oregon Congressman David Wu.
About OHSU
Oregon Health & Science University is the state's only health and research university, and Oregon's only academic health center. OHSU is Portland's largest employer and the fourth largest in Oregon (excluding government). OHSU's size contributes to its ability to provide many services and community support activities not found anywhere else in the state. It serves patients from every corner of the state, and is a conduit for learning for more than 3,400 students and trainees. OHSU is the source of more than 200 community outreach programs that bring health and education services to every county in the state.
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
Posting to the Silicon Forest Blog
I recently had the opportunity to provide a guest posting about health IT to a blog devoted to the software start-up industry in Portland. The posting is at:
http://siliconflorist.com/2009/06/22/health-information-technology-important-portland/
I described the state of health IT as it might appear to the perplexed software entrepreneur and why Portland is an ideal location for academia-industry collaboration. It is good not only for improving health care, individual health, and biomedical research, but also for local economic development. As always, I would be interested in your thoughts.
http://siliconflorist.com/2009/06/22/health-information-technology-important-portland/
I described the state of health IT as it might appear to the perplexed software entrepreneur and why Portland is an ideal location for academia-industry collaboration. It is good not only for improving health care, individual health, and biomedical research, but also for local economic development. As always, I would be interested in your thoughts.
Thursday, June 11, 2009
Informatics Defined, Explained
I have had the opportunity lately to further define and explain the field of biomedical and health informatics. I make this entry to provide pointers to them.
First, I just published a paper in BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making that defines the major terminology of the field. This paper had its genesis during the frenzy around the time that the ARRA economic stimulus bill was being crafted. It became apparent to me that many on Capitol Hill did not know the terminology of the informatics field well, so I drafted a document that defined the major terms. I received some great feedback on the document, and subsequently submitted it to BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making. It has now been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. It can be found at:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/9/24/
I tagged the paper as a "Debate" paper, recognizing that not everyone will agree with my terminology. This will hopefully generate some debate such that some amount of consensus can be reached.
By the way, the publishing process of BMC is fascinating. You can read the comments of the peer reviewers (four highly prominent colleagues!) and my replies to them.
I have also updated and slightly renamed my What is Biomedical and Health Informatics? Web page, which gives an overview of the field via links and a voice-over-Powerpoint lecture. It can be accessed at:
http://www.billhersh.info/whatis/
Finally, I have carried out an overhaul of my web page, which needed a good cleaning! It is still at:
http://www.billhersh.info/
First, I just published a paper in BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making that defines the major terminology of the field. This paper had its genesis during the frenzy around the time that the ARRA economic stimulus bill was being crafted. It became apparent to me that many on Capitol Hill did not know the terminology of the informatics field well, so I drafted a document that defined the major terms. I received some great feedback on the document, and subsequently submitted it to BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making. It has now been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. It can be found at:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/9/24/
I tagged the paper as a "Debate" paper, recognizing that not everyone will agree with my terminology. This will hopefully generate some debate such that some amount of consensus can be reached.
By the way, the publishing process of BMC is fascinating. You can read the comments of the peer reviewers (four highly prominent colleagues!) and my replies to them.
I have also updated and slightly renamed my What is Biomedical and Health Informatics? Web page, which gives an overview of the field via links and a voice-over-Powerpoint lecture. It can be accessed at:
http://www.billhersh.info/whatis/
Finally, I have carried out an overhaul of my web page, which needed a good cleaning! It is still at:
http://www.billhersh.info/
Sunday, May 24, 2009
Learning about Informatics and Health IT at OHSU
The interest in health IT and biomedical informatics continues to grow, fueled no doubt by federal policy efforts and the economic stimulus plan. One result is that many people have inquired to me about opportunities to learn more about the biomedical informatics field at OHSU. To that end, I am going to describe the options in this posting. If you have further questions, feel free to contact me individually.
OHSU's programs are open to people of all career backgrounds. Our programs have served a wide diversity of people over the years, including those with backgrounds in health care (e.g., medicine, nursing, hospital administration, etc.), IT (e.g., computer scientists, IT professionals, etc.), and many other areas (e.g., health administration, business, public health, law, etc.). There is room for everyone in the big tent of informatics!
While our certificate and degree programs are at the graduate level (i.e., you need to have a bachelor's degree), our 10x10 ("ten by ten") course is open to anyone, even those who do not have a bachelor's degree.
An excellent way to get a broad-based introduction to the field is our on-line introductory biomedical informatics course. This course is offered in a number of flavors, and there are upcoming opportunities for you to enroll. Whatever path you take through the course, you can (assuming you are eligible for graduate study) get credit in our graduate program and be eligible to take more courses in our program if you are interested.
The introductory course is completely on-line and has been completed by about 1000 individuals in the last decade. It covers all the major aspects of biomedical and health informatics, with a focus on informatics applied to health care. It is offered using a variety of asynchronous distance learning teaching modalities, so you do not need to be present on-line at any specific time, although you do need to keep up with the work during the academic term.
One way to take the course is through our regular graduate program. OHSU is on an academic quarter system. Due to continued demand, the introductory course has been offered every academic quarter. The next offering is over the summer quarter, which runs from June 22 to September 11. The course will be offered again in the fall quarter, which runs from September 28 to December 13. To take the course by this pathway, you need to enroll in the OHSU Graduate Certificate program, which is open to anyone with a bachelor's degree. For more information, follow this link to our department Web site and click on the link to the Prospective Students Portal on the lower right:
http://www.ohsu.edu/dmice/
Another option to take essentially the same course is via the AMIA 10x10 program. This version of the course is offered in partnership with the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA). The course is taught in the same on-line, asynchronous manner. It is offered over a slightly longer time period (decompressed with some "off" weeks) and adds an in-person session at the AMIA Annual Symposium, where all the students come together to meet and engage in additional learning. The AMIA Annual Symposium is one of the leading health IT meetings and will be held this year in San Francisco from November 14-18. Registration is already open for the next offering of the 10x10 course, which begins on July 30th and runs until the AMIA meeting. For more information, visit:
http://www.amia.org/10x10/partners/ohsu/
Or:
http://www.billhersh.info/10x10-2009.html
If you successfully complete the 10x10 course (and are eligible for graduate study), you can then get credit for the BMI 510 course in our graduate program. Once you are enrolled in the program, you can take additional courses. There is also a relatively easy pathway to advance beyond our Graduate Certificate into our master's degree program (and even the PhD program).
Here is a detailed outline of the introductory course content:
1. Overview of Field and Problems Motivating It
1.1 What is Health/Bio/Medical Informatics?
1.2 A Discipline Whose Time Has Come
1.3 Who Does Biomedical Informatics?
1.4 Problems in Health Care Motivating Biomedical Informatics
1.4 Seminal Documents and Reports
1.5 Resources for Field - Organizations, Information, Education
2. Biomedical Computing
2.1 Types of Computers
2.2 Data Storage in Computers
2.3 Computer Hardware and Software
2.4 Computer Networks
2.5 Software Engineering
2.6 Challenges for Biomedical Computing
3. Electronic Health Records
3.1 Clinical Data
3.2 History and Perspective of the Health (Medical) Record
3.3 Potential Benefits of the Electronic Health Record
3.4 Definitions and Key Attributes of the EHR
3.5 EHR Examples
3.6 Nursing Informatics
4. Clinical Decision Support; EHR Implementation
4.1 Historical Perspectives and Approaches
4.2 Medical Errors and Patient Safety
4.3 Reminders and Alerts
4.4 Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)
4.5 Implementing the EHR
4.6 Use and Outcomes of the EHR
4.7 Cost-Benefit of the EHR
5. Standards and Interoperability; Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security
5.1 Standards: Basic Concepts
5.2 Identifier and Transaction Standards
5.3 Message Exchange Standards
5.4 Terminology Standards
5.5 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security: Basic Concepts
5.6 HIPAA Privacy and Security Regulations
6. Secondary Use of Clinical Data: Personal Health Records, Health Information Exchange, Public Health, Health Care Quality, Clinical Research
6.1 Personal Health Records
6.2 Health Information Exchange
6.3 Public Health Informatics
6.4 Health Care Quality
6.5 Clinical Research Informatics
7. Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Decision Making
7.1 Definitions and Application of EBM
7.2 Interventions
7.3 Diagnosis
7.4 Harm and Prognosis
7.5 Summarizing Evidence
7.6 Putting Evidence into Practice
7.7 Limitations of EBM
8. Information Retrieval and Digital Libraries
8.1 Information Retrieval
8.2 Knowledge-based Information
8.3 Content
8.4 Indexing
8.5 Retrieval
8.6 Evaluation
8.7 Digital Libraries
9. Imaging Informatics and Telemedicine
9.1 Imaging in Health Care
9.2 Modalities of Imaging
9.3 Digital Imaging
9.4 Telemedicine: Definitions, Uses, and Barriers
9.5 Efficacy of Telemedicine
10. Translational Bioinformatics
10.1 Translational Bioinformatics - The Big Picture
10.2 Overview of Basic Molecular Biology
10.3 Important Biotechnologies Driving Bioinformatics
10.4 Clinical Genetics and Genomics
10.5 Bioinformatics Information Resources
10.6 Translational Bioinformatics Challenges and Opportunities
11. Organizational and Management Issues in Informatics
11.1 Organizational Behavior
11.2 Organizational Issues in Failure and Success of Informatics Projects
11.3 Change Management
OHSU's programs are open to people of all career backgrounds. Our programs have served a wide diversity of people over the years, including those with backgrounds in health care (e.g., medicine, nursing, hospital administration, etc.), IT (e.g., computer scientists, IT professionals, etc.), and many other areas (e.g., health administration, business, public health, law, etc.). There is room for everyone in the big tent of informatics!
While our certificate and degree programs are at the graduate level (i.e., you need to have a bachelor's degree), our 10x10 ("ten by ten") course is open to anyone, even those who do not have a bachelor's degree.
An excellent way to get a broad-based introduction to the field is our on-line introductory biomedical informatics course. This course is offered in a number of flavors, and there are upcoming opportunities for you to enroll. Whatever path you take through the course, you can (assuming you are eligible for graduate study) get credit in our graduate program and be eligible to take more courses in our program if you are interested.
The introductory course is completely on-line and has been completed by about 1000 individuals in the last decade. It covers all the major aspects of biomedical and health informatics, with a focus on informatics applied to health care. It is offered using a variety of asynchronous distance learning teaching modalities, so you do not need to be present on-line at any specific time, although you do need to keep up with the work during the academic term.
One way to take the course is through our regular graduate program. OHSU is on an academic quarter system. Due to continued demand, the introductory course has been offered every academic quarter. The next offering is over the summer quarter, which runs from June 22 to September 11. The course will be offered again in the fall quarter, which runs from September 28 to December 13. To take the course by this pathway, you need to enroll in the OHSU Graduate Certificate program, which is open to anyone with a bachelor's degree. For more information, follow this link to our department Web site and click on the link to the Prospective Students Portal on the lower right:
http://www.ohsu.edu/dmice/
Another option to take essentially the same course is via the AMIA 10x10 program. This version of the course is offered in partnership with the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA). The course is taught in the same on-line, asynchronous manner. It is offered over a slightly longer time period (decompressed with some "off" weeks) and adds an in-person session at the AMIA Annual Symposium, where all the students come together to meet and engage in additional learning. The AMIA Annual Symposium is one of the leading health IT meetings and will be held this year in San Francisco from November 14-18. Registration is already open for the next offering of the 10x10 course, which begins on July 30th and runs until the AMIA meeting. For more information, visit:
http://www.amia.org/10x10/partners/ohsu/
Or:
http://www.billhersh.info/10x10-2009.html
If you successfully complete the 10x10 course (and are eligible for graduate study), you can then get credit for the BMI 510 course in our graduate program. Once you are enrolled in the program, you can take additional courses. There is also a relatively easy pathway to advance beyond our Graduate Certificate into our master's degree program (and even the PhD program).
Here is a detailed outline of the introductory course content:
1. Overview of Field and Problems Motivating It
1.1 What is Health/Bio/Medical Informatics?
1.2 A Discipline Whose Time Has Come
1.3 Who Does Biomedical Informatics?
1.4 Problems in Health Care Motivating Biomedical Informatics
1.4 Seminal Documents and Reports
1.5 Resources for Field - Organizations, Information, Education
2. Biomedical Computing
2.1 Types of Computers
2.2 Data Storage in Computers
2.3 Computer Hardware and Software
2.4 Computer Networks
2.5 Software Engineering
2.6 Challenges for Biomedical Computing
3. Electronic Health Records
3.1 Clinical Data
3.2 History and Perspective of the Health (Medical) Record
3.3 Potential Benefits of the Electronic Health Record
3.4 Definitions and Key Attributes of the EHR
3.5 EHR Examples
3.6 Nursing Informatics
4. Clinical Decision Support; EHR Implementation
4.1 Historical Perspectives and Approaches
4.2 Medical Errors and Patient Safety
4.3 Reminders and Alerts
4.4 Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)
4.5 Implementing the EHR
4.6 Use and Outcomes of the EHR
4.7 Cost-Benefit of the EHR
5. Standards and Interoperability; Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security
5.1 Standards: Basic Concepts
5.2 Identifier and Transaction Standards
5.3 Message Exchange Standards
5.4 Terminology Standards
5.5 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security: Basic Concepts
5.6 HIPAA Privacy and Security Regulations
6. Secondary Use of Clinical Data: Personal Health Records, Health Information Exchange, Public Health, Health Care Quality, Clinical Research
6.1 Personal Health Records
6.2 Health Information Exchange
6.3 Public Health Informatics
6.4 Health Care Quality
6.5 Clinical Research Informatics
7. Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Decision Making
7.1 Definitions and Application of EBM
7.2 Interventions
7.3 Diagnosis
7.4 Harm and Prognosis
7.5 Summarizing Evidence
7.6 Putting Evidence into Practice
7.7 Limitations of EBM
8. Information Retrieval and Digital Libraries
8.1 Information Retrieval
8.2 Knowledge-based Information
8.3 Content
8.4 Indexing
8.5 Retrieval
8.6 Evaluation
8.7 Digital Libraries
9. Imaging Informatics and Telemedicine
9.1 Imaging in Health Care
9.2 Modalities of Imaging
9.3 Digital Imaging
9.4 Telemedicine: Definitions, Uses, and Barriers
9.5 Efficacy of Telemedicine
10. Translational Bioinformatics
10.1 Translational Bioinformatics - The Big Picture
10.2 Overview of Basic Molecular Biology
10.3 Important Biotechnologies Driving Bioinformatics
10.4 Clinical Genetics and Genomics
10.5 Bioinformatics Information Resources
10.6 Translational Bioinformatics Challenges and Opportunities
11. Organizational and Management Issues in Informatics
11.1 Organizational Behavior
11.2 Organizational Issues in Failure and Success of Informatics Projects
11.3 Change Management
Monday, May 11, 2009
Crossing the Health IT People Chasm
I was recently at a dinner with Dr. Mark Leavitt, Chairman of the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT), who noted that the gap between the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) vision for health information technology (HIT) and our current status comes down to people. We have the technology already, and the money now with ARRA, but we still need the people, from the clinicians who will use the systems to the administrators who will fund them and the HIT professionals who will develop and implement them.
To borrow from the parlance of one of the early Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports that spurred health care's interest in HIT, we have a "chasm" between where we currently are and where we need to be.
A partial bit of good news is that some people are starting to do things to cross this chasm. Clearly one place we need to start is with the ultimate users of HIT, the clinicians and others in the health care trenches. We need to make it easy for them to use systems, not only to get data in and out, but also to use them to improve their practices by measuring quality and improving it by acting on the deficiencies they uncover. We also need to make it easier for administrators and others who run health care systems to make the investments in them, knowing they will benefit the care delivered and the bottom line.
And of course, another area where we need people is my passion, which is the HIT workforce. Unfortunately, most people still don't know exactly what biomedical and health informatics is all about. Some people who work in the field don't even agree with each other on its definition. Nonetheless, I believe that most people who do know about the field will agree that its work is absolutely essential to pull off the goals for HIT in the ARRA legislation. This is part of the reason for Section 3016 in the stimulus bill, which calls explicitly for a well-trained informatics workforce to carry out the health IT adoption elsewhere in the bill.
One challenge for the field of biomedical and health informatics is the heterogeneous nature of careers and education in the field. People who are called informaticians perform a variety of jobs from the highly technical development and implementation of hardware and software to the more people-oriented tasks of project management and institutional leadership. As such, there is no single career or educational pathway in this field.
But there is one attribute that defines people who call themselves informaticians, which is that they understand health care, IT, and the uniqueness that occurs at their intersection. This was pointed out in an article in the New York Times recently, which featured a quote from myself about how informatics was different from IT in being more focused on information and how it is used to improve health care than technology.
While most education in this field has historically been at the graduate level, combining careers in health professions, IT professions, and others, it is key to pay attention to the pipeline of the community colleges, undergraduate institutions, and others. We need to get the word out about the great opportunities and the career satisfaction that comes from working in this field. I would be interested in hearing from others on how to do that.
To borrow from the parlance of one of the early Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports that spurred health care's interest in HIT, we have a "chasm" between where we currently are and where we need to be.
A partial bit of good news is that some people are starting to do things to cross this chasm. Clearly one place we need to start is with the ultimate users of HIT, the clinicians and others in the health care trenches. We need to make it easy for them to use systems, not only to get data in and out, but also to use them to improve their practices by measuring quality and improving it by acting on the deficiencies they uncover. We also need to make it easier for administrators and others who run health care systems to make the investments in them, knowing they will benefit the care delivered and the bottom line.
And of course, another area where we need people is my passion, which is the HIT workforce. Unfortunately, most people still don't know exactly what biomedical and health informatics is all about. Some people who work in the field don't even agree with each other on its definition. Nonetheless, I believe that most people who do know about the field will agree that its work is absolutely essential to pull off the goals for HIT in the ARRA legislation. This is part of the reason for Section 3016 in the stimulus bill, which calls explicitly for a well-trained informatics workforce to carry out the health IT adoption elsewhere in the bill.
One challenge for the field of biomedical and health informatics is the heterogeneous nature of careers and education in the field. People who are called informaticians perform a variety of jobs from the highly technical development and implementation of hardware and software to the more people-oriented tasks of project management and institutional leadership. As such, there is no single career or educational pathway in this field.
But there is one attribute that defines people who call themselves informaticians, which is that they understand health care, IT, and the uniqueness that occurs at their intersection. This was pointed out in an article in the New York Times recently, which featured a quote from myself about how informatics was different from IT in being more focused on information and how it is used to improve health care than technology.
While most education in this field has historically been at the graduate level, combining careers in health professions, IT professions, and others, it is key to pay attention to the pipeline of the community colleges, undergraduate institutions, and others. We need to get the word out about the great opportunities and the career satisfaction that comes from working in this field. I would be interested in hearing from others on how to do that.
Sunday, May 3, 2009
EHRs on the Ground in Rural Oregon
I recently had the opportunity to participate in a discussion about practical health IT and EHR issues on the ground with several physician practices that participate in the Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network (ORPRN). It is always extremely interesting for me to hear about real physicians and others who are trying to make this technology work. It is an effective antidote to participating in too many high-minded theoretical discussions, and an opportunity to test those theories against reality.
This entry is a summary of the minutes from a phone call I participated in with ORPRN members in February, 2009 concerning their health IT and EHR status. All of the participants have given me their approval to mention their names and comments. At the end, I will summarize the major themes discovered by Dr. LJ Fagnan of OHSU and myself.
This group is somewhat atypical, in that they represent practices that have agreed to participate in the rural practice-based research network. The fact that most have adapted EHRs sets them apart from average practices!
Topic of the phone call: Health Information Technology (HIT) in your practice – what do you have, what do you need, where do you go for assistance, how do you support your HIT needs?
William Hersh, MD, OHSU Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology Chair led the discussion about the representation of HIT in the economic stimulus package with an eye toward how Oregon can be positioned to receive stimulus dollars. There will be $17 billion in Medicare/Medicaid billing incentives and $2 billion toward standards development, IT workforce development, and other aspects of HIT infrastructure. Dr. David Blumenthal of Harvard has been appointed the new National Coordinator for HIT, so programs are likely to start being announced soon. A recent article by Dr. Blumenthal in the New England Journal of Medicine gives his views on a number of HIT issues. Finally, Dr. Hersh described the need for standards among electronic health/medical records (EHRs/EMRs) for helping to collect data for research.
Jon Schott, MD -Eastern Oregon Medical Clinic – Baker, OR
His practice has been using Centricity for 5 years. Local IT support is challenging as the clinic overwhelmed the capabilities of the local person. They now have IT support through Portland. The cost of the Centricity first cost about $5,000/seat and now is at $16,000, and so they feel trapped with the software.
Karl Ordelheide, MD -Lincoln City Medical Center
7 practitioners: IM-3, FP-2, Gyn-1, PA-1
Lincoln City, OR. Pop: 7000
His practice has been using Practice Partner since 2003. They have a one-way interface with medical manager office management system for demographics and with Meditech for lab, x-ray and hospital narrative reports. Also have interface to upload data to CDEMS Registry. There have been no changes to Practice Partner’s licensing fees and it is an affordable package. They have also had difficulty getting IT support to keep the system up and running; they are constantly behind. They bought the module for e-prescribing and it is not working. The company has apologized that it doesn’t work and cannot do anything more for them. Dr. Ordelheide’s group needs someone to dedicate time and energy to getting the module running. They also need someone to bring on new technology, to customize and set up the software and each box. In addition, communication with other systems is important.
Elizabeth Powers, MD - Winding Waters Clinic
Founded 1972, operates with 2 full-time MDs (Family Medicine), 1 part-time MD (Internal Medicine), 1 full-time NP (Family Medicine) and 1 part-time NP (Pediatrics).
Location - Enterprise OR with a satellite clinic in Wallowa, OR
Serves all of Wallowa County, population 6,991
Their practice involves 3 doctors and 2 NPs. They do not have an EHR, though do have electronic billing and e-prescribing. The hospital uses an EHR and allows their use of PAC for radiology and labs, but otherwise they use paper. They have wanted to switch to an EHR, but the two largest hurdles are: 1) Cost and logistics of installing the software, and 2) Finding an EHR that can talk to other systems. It would seem to be more feasible to use a personal health record instead. When referring patients to specialists, which they often do, will have to print to get the records to the specialists. A large benefit to having an EHR would be its function as a tool to manage population health. Currently they are tracking patient databases in Excel.
J. Bruin Rugge, MD, MPH -OHSU Scappoose
Founded in 1998 – 4 MDs (all FM) – 2 PAs – 2 FNP
Scappoose OR, population 6,500
Have been using OCHIN EPIC since 9/26/06
Sole source of health care for Scappoose OR, a community of 6,500 – see all ages and individuals from all backgrounds; and we provide the full scope of Family Medicine.
They use Epic through OCHIN (EHR for Safety Net clinics), though they have a more stripped-down version of Epic. He stated that the clinical outcome is not influenced by the charting method, and that providing excellent care can happen with paper charting. They do use e-prescribing, and have had problems. Also, being part of OCHIN, only so many seats are available for clinicians to use at a time, and he has had to try logging in multiple times in order to get into the record. The system has also gone down, and clinicians have had to log reports using hand-written forms that are later transcribed or scanned. He has noticed his workload taking on many more secretarial duties related to data entry and data housekeeping. When labs are received from outside sources, there is a considerable lag until it is scanned into the system, and often it may not be in the section he would anticipate finding it. One benefit is that when patients transfer care from another Safety Net Clinic to his that their records are available in the system.
Albert Thompson, MD
Practice—founded in 1982 with 1 provider, ABFP
Location Pacific City, unincorporated, primary drawing area ~ 4000. Lincoln City secondary area, ~10k
They have used SOAPWare for 10 years, and are using a hybrid version of it. He began using an installation that is all electronic as of December. He would like to use a different EHR, but it is too expensive to change systems currently. He is dissatisfied with SOAPWare for a variety of reasons, including that it lacks some basic functionality Microsoft Office users are accustomed to, like double-clicking to select text. However, the EHR has been extremely helpful for medication management, and he could not imagine going back to paper refills. SOAPWare is also an excellent report-writing tool and provides a patient instructions form with an assessment and plan that is very useful. Each encounter takes quite a bit of typing, and when his data entry demands increased, his patient count decreased. Currently they fax prescriptions to pharmacies and have not yet explored e-prescribing. Inter-connectivity is lacking and switching to Practice Partner is too expensive. They do have an IT specialist and the practice administrator also has IT skills that keeps their systems functional.
Robert Law, MD -Dunes Family Health Care, Reedsport, OR
Currently 5 family physicians (4 are partners), an FNP, and a PA-c.
Clinic uses paper charts, though they also use tele-radiology quite a bit, which they can access through the internet. They also use electronic billing. He and his colleagues suffer from EMR envy as they have wanted to get an EMR for 10 yrs, but the cost is daunting and they do not have the capital for licensing and implementation, though they do have the necessary hardware. Access to an IT person is also a serious limitation as they currently subcontract to the single person who maintains the hospital. There is not money in the budget to hire another person to fill that role. For population management, they have created registries using diagnostic data in their electronic billing records, and this has worked well for management and quality improvement. Overall, they are poised to make the leap, but have not yet done it.
Scott Graham, MD
Started practice August 1999. Solo practice in which he hired a FNP 5 years ago. Family Practice. Rural community, Population 1800.
He falls into the same category as Dr. Law. Their hospital and clinics continue to explore the option, but nothing has really been closely looked at. IT is a big concern. A program that communicates with each clinic and the hospital is another road block and cost is a huge concern. There is interest, but we are not excited about spending more money, hiring more staff, seeing less patients, having to spend more time at a computer and less with patients, and the headache of EMR, yet. He is not convinced this would be an easy transition and until something comes along that is user friendly and not so expensive, so they are sticking with paper.
Some discussion that followed those presentations:
Hersh – Epic has encouraged its customers like OHSU to work with smaller practices to use the software, as Epic doesn’t focus on the smaller market. This could be a good solution in some cases. Overall, the barriers presented by the Steering Committee members are not unknown in the HIT world, and all can be solved with resources. Dr. Tom Yackel, the Chief Health Information Officer at OHSU, could provide information related to some issues, including expanding Epic as well as secure email needs.
Fagnan – There is a group from NYC that uses eClinicalWorks for 1,200 clinicians in their area. Perhaps ORPRN could meet with their medical director, Dr. Farzad Mostashari, to explore the possibility of partnering with them and using it. This would provide an alternative to Epic. He also echoed the request by Liz Powers to explore personal health records as an option.
Hersh –The Director of the New York Health Department recently published a paper describing their approach in Health Affairs and ORPRN may wish to talk with him about the work he’s been doing. Dr. Hersh summarized by noting the impressive efforts by practices on the call and recognizing that there were three main challenges: support, costs, and integration of data across systems.
Hersh and Fagnan noted some clear themes from this discussion. There are three major barriers to EHR adoption and use in these small rural physician practices:
1. Cost and return on investment – there are substantial expenses and risks for those expenses in these practices.
2. IT and informatics support – need help both with basic IT as well as clinical issues, yet it is not readily available, especially locally. There are explicit difficulties with e-prescribing as well as decreased number of patients visits per day because of time to document.
3. Lack of interoperability – cannot move data across practices or to centers in larger urban areas. Despite electronic systems, providers must scan in reports and lab results, as there is a lack of interfaces with the local hospital.